P.L. 119-21, the FY2025 Reconciliation Law, Provisions Related to CFPB Funding
On July 3, 2025, Congress passed H.R. 1, commonly referred to as the One Big Beautiful Bill Act, which the President signed into law on July 4, 2025 (P.L. 119-21). This was a reconciliation bill pursu...
P.L. 119-21, the FY2025 Reconciliation Law, Title III: Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs
On July 3, 2025, Congress passed H.R. 1, commonly known as the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBA), which the President signed into law on July 4, 2025 (P.L. 119-21). The act was a reconciliation bill p...
Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress
The diminishment of Arctic sea ice has led to increased human activities in the Arctic, and has heightened interest in, and concerns about, the region’s future. The United States, by virtue of Alaska,...
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency FY2025 Appropriations
Enacted on March 15, 2025, the Full-Year Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2025 (P.L. 119-4), provided funding for the Department of the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies, includ...
Defense Funding in the 2025 Reconciliation Law (H.R. 1; P.L. 119-21, Title II)
Introduction
On July 3, 2025, Congress passed the 2025 reconciliation legislation (H.R. 1), which President Donald J. Trump signed into law on July 4, 2025 (P.L. 119-21). This product summarizes fundi...
First Amendment: Government Retaliation for Protected Expression
The Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment provides that “Congress shall make no law . . . abridging the freedom of speech.” The clause applies to any government action, whether federal, state, or ...
Supreme Court Clarifies Who Can Hear Challenges to Clean Air Act Actions
On June 18, 2025, the Supreme Court decided EPA v. Calumet Shreveport Refining and Oklahoma v. EPA, a pair of cases about Clean Air Act (CAA) Section 307(b)(1), which governs judicial review of the U....
Excessive Force and the Fourth Amendment: Supreme Court Clarifies Scope of Legal Test
On May 15, 2025, the Supreme Court issued a decision in Barnes v. Felix, a case addressing the question of when a police officer’s use of force violates the Fourth Amendment’s prohibition on unreasona...
The National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS): Benefits and Issues
Since 1930, the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s (FBI’s) Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) program has collected and published nationwide crime statistics. Federal, state, local, and tribal law enforceme...
Forced-Reset Triggers: Recent Executive Action and Issues for Congress
On May 16, 2025, the Trump Administration announced a settlement resolving several civil lawsuits, including between the U.S. federal government and Rare Breed Triggers, a company that sells forced re...
Juneteenth: Fact Sheet
Juneteenth celebrates the end of slavery in the United States. It is also known as Emancipation Day, Freedom Day, Jubilee Day, Juneteenth Independence Day, Black Independence Day, and, by statute, Jun...