Policy Library

6,587 documents

Intellectual Property Violations and China: Legal Remedies
Congressional Research Service · 2020-09-17 · Reports · 32,981 words · PDF available
Concerns that the government of the People’s Republic of China (China) fails to protect and enforce intellectual property (IP) rights, and thus harms U.S. IP rights holders, have been one of the key i...
Patent Law: A Handbook for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2020-09-16 · Reports · 16,203 words · PDF available
A patent gives its owner the exclusive right to make, use, import, sell, or offer for sale the invention covered by the patent. The patent system has long been viewed as important to encouraging Ameri...
Police Reform and the 116th Congress: Selected Legal Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2020-09-16 · Reports · 21,389 words · PDF available
Nationwide protests during the spring and summer of 2020 related to police use of force have prompted calls for increased congressional regulation of federal, state, and local law enforcement. There a...
Medical Supply Chains and Policy Options: The Data Challenge
Congressional Research Service · 2020-09-16 · Resources · 1,813 words · PDF available
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has revealed some areas in which the United States relies heavily on global supply chains. U.S. shortages of critical supplies of medical products have...
Do Veterans Have Choices in How They Access Health Care?
Congressional Research Service · 2020-09-15 · Resources · 1,448 words · PDF available
Introduction On June 6, 2018, the President signed into law the VA MISSION Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-182, as amended). Among other things, the act established a new Veterans Community Care Program (VCCP)....
Selected Privileges and Courtesies Extended to Former Members of Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2020-09-15 · Reports · 1,023 words
After Members of the House or Senate leave office, they are afforded certain courtesies and privileges. Some are derived from law and chamber rules, but others are courtesies that have been extended a...
Expanding the Selective Service: Legal Issues Surrounding Women and the Draft
Congressional Research Service · 2020-09-14 · Posts · 1,992 words · PDF available
Should American women be required to register for the draft alongside their male counterparts? On March 25, 2020, the National Commission on Military, National, and Public Service (the Commission) rel...
Internships, Fellowships, and Other Work Experience Opportunities in the Federal Government
Congressional Research Service · 2020-09-14 · Reports · 5,498 words
Although there are many opportunities in the federal government for internships, fellowships, and other work experience, there is no comprehensive source to assist in locating these opportunities. Thi...
Distribution of Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund Expenditures
Congressional Research Service · 2020-09-10 · Resources · 1,809 words
As Congress deliberates on authorization legislation for Army Corps of Engineers water resource projects (House-passed H.R. 7575, Senate-reported S. 3591), it is considering how to direct the use of f...
Trade Remedies: Antidumping
Congressional Research Service · 2020-09-10 · Reports · 11,461 words · PDF available
The U.S. Constitution grants to Congress the power to regulate trade with foreign nations and levy tariffs. Since 1922, U.S. law and foreign policy have favored applying tariffs and duties equally to ...
Identifying TV Political and Issue Ad Sponsors in the Digital Age
Congressional Research Service · 2020-09-09 · Reports · 14,520 words · PDF available
Since the 1930s, both Congress and the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) have imposed specific requirements on the transmission of political and issue advertising by broadcasters. These rules, w...
Industrial Loan Companies (ILCs): Background and Policy Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2020-09-09 · Reports · 10,151 words
Industrial loan companies (ILCs)—financial institutions chartered by a small number of states—operate in almost every way like a commercial bank, including taking deposits insured by the Federal Depos...
The U.S. Energy Information Administration
Congressional Research Service · 2020-09-09 · Reports · 15,460 words
The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) is the lead federal agency for collecting, analyzing, and disseminating data on U.S. and world energy supply and consumption. EIA was established in 19...
For Whom the FERC Tolls: Federal Court Rejects Agency “Tolling Orders”
In Allegheny Defense Project v. FERC, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (D.C. Circuit) addressed the legitimacy of “tolling orders,” a long-standing procedural tool utiliz...
Political Campaign Contributions and Congress: A Legal Primer
Congressional Research Service · 2020-09-08 · Reports · 17,513 words
To help curb corruption in the political process and safeguard First Amendment rights to freedom of speech and association, Congress has enacted laws that regulate political campaign contributions. Th...
Supreme Court October Term 2019: A Review of Selected Major Rulings
Congressional Research Service · 2020-09-04 · Reports · 26,448 words · PDF available
The Supreme Court term that began on October 7, 2019 was one of the most eventful in recent history. The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic colored much of the Court’s work, leading the Cour...
Protecting Against Rogue Drones
Congressional Research Service · 2020-09-03 · Resources · 1,677 words · PDF available
Rules for Unmanned Aircraft As of September 2020, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) had registered about 1.7 million unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), often referred to as drones. More than 70...
PRWORA’s Restrictions on Noncitizen Eligibility for Federal Public Benefits: Legal Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2020-09-03 · Reports · 21,242 words · PDF available
Title IV of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA) restricts the eligibility of non-U.S. nationals (aliens) for many federal benefit programs. It applies ...
Trade-Related Agencies: FY2021 Appropriations, Commerce, Science, Justice and Related Agencies (CJS)
Congressional Research Service · 2020-09-03 · Reports · 5,549 words · PDF available
This report provides an overview of the Fiscal Year (FY) 2021 budget request and appropriations for the International Trade Administration (ITA), the U.S. International Trade Commission (USITC), and t...
Federal Conservation Corps Programs: Options for Congress in Response to COVID19
Congressional Research Service · 2020-09-03 · Reports · 9,916 words · PDF available
Due to the effects of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, unemployment across the United States has risen to levels unseen since the Great Depression. In response, some stakeholders, inc...
FDA’s Role in the Medical Product Supply Chain and Considerations During COVID-19
Congressional Research Service · 2020-09-01 · Reports · 20,620 words · PDF available
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected the medical product supply chain globally and domestically. Although concerns about the U.S. medical product supply chain predate the emer...
The Global Compact on Migration (GCM) and U.S. Policy
Congressional Research Service · 2020-09-01 · Resources · 1,555 words · PDF available
Congress has demonstrated ongoing interest in the global migration crisis, particularly with recent flows of migrants and refugees to the United States from Central America and Mexico. In 2019 an esti...
Trends in Commemorative Legislation, 93rd Through 115th Congresses
Congressional Research Service · 2020-08-31 · Resources · 1,086 words · PDF available
Since the Continental Congress, commemorative legislation has been used to express public gratitude for distinguished contributions to American history and society; extol the virtues of individuals, g...
School Construction and Renovation: A Review of Federal Programs and Legislation
Congressional Research Service · 2020-08-31 · Reports · 11,964 words · PDF available
By some measures, spending on new construction and renovation in public elementary and secondary schools in the United States in FY2018 was over $50 billion. Although there is currently no ongoing fed...
The Future of Space Tourism
Congressional Research Service · 2020-08-28 · Reports · 7,658 words · PDF available
Several private companies are developing plans to take paying customers to space on a regular basis. Federal oversight of space tourism has been deliberately light, consistent with the Commercial Spac...
Rural Digital Opportunity Fund: Requirements and Selected Policy Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2020-08-28 · Reports · 6,078 words · PDF available
Broadband internet has become increasingly important in the 21st century, as more and more aspects of everyday life, such as job applications and homework assignments, require the use of digital techn...
Military Courts-Martial Under the Military Justice Act of 2016
Congressional Research Service · 2020-08-28 · Reports · 18,810 words · PDF available
The Supreme Court has called military justice a system of justice separate from jurisprudence in the civilian courts. Members of the Armed Forces are subject to rules, orders, proceedings, and consequ...
Forest Service Inventoried Roadless Areas (IRAs)
Congressional Research Service · 2020-08-28 · Reports · 11,896 words · PDF available
Inventoried roadless areas (IRAs) are areas of the National Forest System (NFS) managed according to regulations, known as roadless rules, that generally limit timber harvesting and road building. The...
International Education Programs in the Higher Education Act
Congressional Research Service · 2020-08-28 · Reports · 6,187 words · PDF available
The Higher Education Act of 1965 (HEA; P.L. 89-329) authorizes numerous federal aid programs that provide support to both individuals pursuing a postsecondary education and institutions of higher educ...
Biometric Entry-Exit System: Legislative History and Status
Congressional Research Service · 2020-08-27 · Resources · 1,752 words · PDF available
The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is statutorily required to develop and implement an automated biometric (i.e., physical characteristics such as fingerprints, face, or irises) entry-exit syst...
The U.S. Blood Supply and the COVID-19 Response: In Brief
Congressional Research Service · 2020-08-26 · Reports · 8,623 words · PDF available
The nation’s blood supply is largely managed by a network of independent blood centers and the American Red Cross, with some oversight from the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the Fo...
Health Care for Federal Prisoners
Congressional Research Service · 2020-08-26 · Resources · 1,521 words · PDF available
This In Focus provides a brief overview of how the Bureau of Prisons (BOP) provides medical care to prisoners in its custody. BOP operates 122 prisons across the country, and at of the end of FY2019 t...
The Individual Mandate for Health Insurance Coverage: In Brief
Congressional Research Service · 2020-08-25 · Reports · 5,345 words · PDF available
The individual mandate, as established under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA; P.L. 111-148, as amended), has been in effect since 2014. From January 1, 2014, through December 31, 2...
Telegraphs, Steamships, and Virtual Currency: An Analysis of Money Transmitter Regulation
Congressional Research Service · 2020-08-20 · Reports · 10,955 words · PDF available
Money transmission is an age-old practice. What started as a way of sending money to a person across the country via telegraph networks has evolved into a complex world of electronic payments on a glo...
Using Models in Energy Policymaking
Congressional Research Service · 2020-08-20 · Resources · 1,604 words · PDF available
Computer models use mathematical representations of real world systems to gain insights into complex processes, linkages between elements in a system, and how changes to a system might affect outcomes...
Addressing COVID-19 Pandemic Impacts on Civil Aviation Operations
Congressional Research Service · 2020-08-17 · Reports · 8,859 words · PDF available
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a large impact on civil aviation, particularly commercial passenger airline operations. The combination of travel restrictions; state and local mandates to stay at home, ...
Judicial Review of Mercury and Air Toxics Regulations
Congressional Research Service · 2020-08-17 · Resources · 1,786 words · PDF available
Since 1990, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA’s) efforts to regulate mercury and other hazardous air pollutants (HAPs or air toxics) emitted by power plants have faced numerous legal cha...
COVID-19: The Federal Reserve’s Municipal Liquidity Facility
Congressional Research Service · 2020-08-14 · Resources · 1,600 words · PDF available
State and local (municipal) governments issue debt (often called bonds) for a variety of purposes, including infrastructure construction. In April 2020, the Federal Reserve (Fed) announced the creatio...
The Office of Federal Financial Management: An Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2020-08-13 · Resources · 1,302 words · PDF available
Introduction In an effort to improve federal financial management, Congress established the Office of Federal Financial Management (OFFM). A component of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), OFF...
Title IX’s Application to Transgender Athletes: Recent Developments
Congressional Research Service · 2020-08-12 · Posts · 2,242 words · PDF available
On May 15, 2020, the Department of Education’s (ED’s) Office for Civil Rights (OCR) issued a Letter of Impending Enforcement Action (Enforcement Letter) to the Connecticut Interscholastic Athletic Con...
Forecasting Tropical Cyclones: Overview and Issues for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2020-08-11 · Reports · 19,294 words · PDF available
Timely tropical cyclone forecasts can provide early and accurate warnings to parts of the U.S. coastline vulnerable to tropical cyclone impacts. Recent hurricane seasons have included several major hu...
President Trump’s Executive Actions on Student Loans, Wage Assistance, Payroll Taxes, and Evictions: Initial Takeaways
Congressional Research Service · 2020-08-10 · Posts · 2,961 words · PDF available
In enacting the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Stability Act (CARES Act), Congress provided relief to those confronting economic hardship as a result of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) ...
The Social Security Trust Funds and the Budget
Congressional Research Service · 2020-08-07 · Resources · 1,756 words · PDF available
Social Security, a self-financing program, is the federal government’s single largest program in terms of the number of people affected (i.e., covered workers and beneficiaries) and its finances (i.e....
Social Security: Economic Growth and the Funding Shortfall
Congressional Research Service · 2020-08-06 · Reports · 12,738 words · PDF available
The Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program, commonly known as Social Security, is facing a projected financial shortfall. The program provides monthly benefits to retired or disa...
Tax Issues Relating to Charitable Contributions and Organizations
Congressional Research Service · 2020-08-04 · Reports · 24,610 words · PDF available
The federal government supports the charitable sector by providing charitable organizations and donors with favorable tax treatment. Individuals itemizing deductions may claim a tax deduction for char...
The Community Development Block Grant’s Disaster Recovery (CDBG-DR) Component: Background and Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2020-08-03 · Reports · 9,241 words
CDBG-DR is an abbreviation used to refer to supplemental appropriations for disaster recovery administered through the Department of Housing and Urban Development’s (HUD’s) Community Development Block...
Contact Tracing for COVID-19: Domestic Policy Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2020-08-03 · Resources · 1,623 words · PDF available
Contact tracing is a classic tool of public health investigation used to identify the close contacts of persons infected with a communicable disease, notify them of potential exposure, and enable cont...
House Conferees: Selection
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-30 · Reports · 1,494 words · PDF available
A conference committee is a process through which Congress can resolve differences between House and Senate versions of legislation passed by both chambers. Typically reserved for disagreements on par...
Comparing the Congressional Response to the Great Recession and the COVID-19-Related Recession: Unemployment Insurance (UI) Provisions
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-30 · Reports · 13,319 words · PDF available
In response to recent economic recessions, Congress has enacted temporary measures related to Unemployment Insurance (UI) programs and benefits. These temporary federal provisions have included augmen...
American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-29 · Reports · 12,270 words · PDF available
This report provides U.S. war casualty statistics. It includes data tables containing the number of casualties among American military personnel who served in principal wars and combat operations from...