Policy Library

6,587 documents

Rail Transportation of Liquefied Natural Gas: Safety and Regulation
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-28 · Reports · 12,686 words · PDF available
An emerging alternative to domestic natural gas pipelines is shipping natural gas by rail, creating what some refer to as “virtual pipelines.” On April 10, 2019, the Trump Administration issued Execut...
Confederate Symbols: Relation to Federal Lands and Programs
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-28 · Reports · 12,629 words · PDF available
Congress is considering the relationship of Confederate symbols to federal lands and programs. A number of federal agencies administer assets or fund activities in which references to the Civil War Co...
EPA Water Infrastructure Funding in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-24 · Reports · 9,685 words · PDF available
As part of the federal response to the “Great Recession,” Congress passed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA, P.L. 111-5) to stimulate the economy and address a range of other po...
Racial Profiling: Constitutional and Statutory Considerations for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-24 · Posts · 2,390 words · PDF available
Protests over the death of George Floyd in police custody have prompted renewed interest in police reform efforts. One particular area of focus has been the issue of racial profiling by state and loca...
This Land Is Whose Land? The McGirt v. Oklahoma Decision and Considerations for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-24 · Posts · 2,259 words · PDF available
On July 9, 2020, the Supreme Court announced its decision in McGirt v. Oklahoma—hailed by some as the “most significant Indian Law case of the century.” In a 5-4 ruling, the Court held that land reser...
CARES Act Payments Use and Recipient Characteristics: In Brief
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-24 · Reports · 3,375 words · PDF available
In response to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act, P.L. 116-136) provided direct payments to individuals and families. ...
Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac in Conservatorship: Frequently Asked Questions
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-22 · Reports · 11,354 words · PDF available
Congress chartered Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac as government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs) to provide liquidity in the mortgage market and promote homeownership for underserved groups and locations. The...
Immigration Laws Regulating the Admission and Exclusion of Aliens at the Border
Before the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the past few years had seen a marked increase in the number of apprehensions of non-U.S. nationals (aliens) at the border seeking to unlawfully...
Antitrust Regulators Release New Vertical Merger Guidelines
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-21 · Posts · 1,189 words · PDF available
On June 30, the Department of Justice (DOJ) and Federal Trade Commission (FTC) finalized new Vertical Merger Guidelines (VMG) outlining their approach to mergers and acquisitions between firms at diff...
Border Barrier Litigation: Open Questions for Department of Defense Transfer Authority
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-21 · Posts · 2,325 words · PDF available
The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (Ninth Circuit) recently added to the growing body of case law on the Trump Administration’s decision to fund border barrier construction using Departme...
COVID-19: Department of Justice Enforcement Against Scams
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-20 · Reports · 5,729 words · PDF available
Criminals and other malicious actors often seek to capitalize on world events for their gain. Currently, some are leveraging the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and relying on heightened ...
Regulating Internet Access: Lessons from COVID-19
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-20 · Posts · 2,036 words · PDF available
As some states and localities have paused re-opening efforts in response to recent increases in COVID-19 cases, internet access continues to serve a critical role to help many individuals work, learn,...
Climate Change Adaptation: U.S. Department of Agriculture
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-17 · Reports · 15,010 words · PDF available
Congress has debated the significance of global climate change and what federal policies, if any, should be adopted to address it. Federal policies may focus on climate change adaptation—actions taken...
Will the FTC Need to Rethink Its Enforcement Playbook (Part II)? Circuit Split Casts Doubt on the FTC’s Ability to Seek Restitution in Section 13(b) Suits
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-17 · Posts · 2,974 words · PDF available
UPDATE: On July 9, 2020, the U.S. Supreme Court agreed to review the Seventh Circuit’s decision in FTC v. Credit Bureau Center and the Ninth Circuit’s decision in AMG Capital Management v. FTC. The Co...
COVID-19 and Other Election Emergencies: Frequently Asked Questions and Recent Policy Developments
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-16 · Reports · 14,778 words · PDF available
This report addresses frequently asked questions and policy developments surrounding election emergencies. For the purposes of this report, election emergencies are defined as unexpected, rapidly deve...
Ripple Effects: Assessing Impacts of the Supreme Court’s Risk Corridors Decision
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-16 · Posts · 2,220 words · PDF available
Although most eyes tracking Affordable Care Act (ACA) litigation may be drawn to California v. Texas during the Supreme Court’s upcoming term, the Court handed down an ACA decision this past term that...
Surface Transportation Reauthorization and Climate Change: H.R. 2 and S. 2302
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-15 · Reports · 6,268 words · PDF available
Federal highway, public transportation, and intercity passenger rail programs are authorized through FY2020 under the Fixing America’s Surface Transportation (FAST) Act (P.L. 114-94). During the 116th...
Emergency Authorities Under the National Emergencies Act, Stafford Act, and Public Health Service Act
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-14 · Reports · 22,753 words · PDF available
The Supreme Court has explained that the President’s authority “must stem either from an act of Congress or from the Constitution itself.” Because Article II of the Constitution does not grant the Exe...
Presidential Succession: Perspectives and Contemporary Issues for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-14 · Reports · 16,427 words · PDF available
Succession to the office of President of the United States is provided for by the Twenty-Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and Title 3, Section 19 of the U.S. Code (3 U.S.C. §19). The Twenty-Fi...
Saltonstall-Kennedy Act: Background and Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-14 · Reports · 7,153 words
The Saltonstall-Kennedy (S-K) Act of 1954 (15 U.S.C. §713c-3) established a program to provide financial support for research and development of commercial fisheries. The S-K Act created a fund (known...
Energy Tax Provisions Expiring in 2020, 2021, 2022, and 2023 (“Tax Extenders”)
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-14 · Reports · 11,105 words · PDF available
This report briefly summarizes and discusses the economic impact of the energy-related tax provisions that are scheduled to expire in 2020, 2021, 2022, or 2023. Fourteen temporary energy tax provision...
Public Trust and Law Enforcement—A Discussion for Policymakers
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-13 · Reports · 18,436 words · PDF available
Several high-profile incidents where there have been complaints of the use of excessive force against individuals and subsequent backlash in the form of civil unrest have generated interest in what ro...
Effect of COVID-19 on Federal Land Revenues
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-13 · Reports · 28,679 words · PDF available
Four major federal land management agencies administer 606 million acres (95%) of the federal land in the United States (approximately 640 million acres). These agencies are the Bureau of Land Managem...
Social Security Benefits and the Effect of Declines in Average Wages and Prices
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-13 · Resources · 1,920 words
Recent news articles have highlighted how a decrease in national average wages may have a negative impact on the Social Security benefits of individuals reaching age 60 in 2020. Social Security benefi...
Supreme Court Clarifies Rules for Electoral College: States May Restrict Faithless Electors
On July 6, 2020, the Supreme Court unanimously held that states may punish or replace presidential electors who refuse to cast their ballots for the candidate chosen by the voters of their state. In t...
Trump v. Mazars: Implications for Congressional Oversight
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-10 · Posts · 2,813 words · PDF available
On July 9, 2020, the Supreme Court issued a pair of decisions concerning subpoenas seeking access to the President’s personal financial records, including tax returns. In Trump v. Vance, the Court rul...
Federal Banking Regulator Finalizes Rule on State Usury Laws
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-09 · Posts · 1,992 words · PDF available
On May 29, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) finalized a rule concerning federal banking regulation and state usury law that has pitted the financial industry against consumer advoca...
When One Door Closes, Another One Opens: Supreme Court Ruling Restricts Challenges to CERCLA Cleanup But Could Expand State-Law Claims
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-09 · Posts · 2,654 words · PDF available
The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, also known as CERCLA or Superfund, places limits on how parties may challenge the scope of a plan to remediate hazardous wast...
Proposed Extension of the Reclamation Water Settlements Fund
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-09 · Resources · 1,430 words · PDF available
Since 1978, the federal government has entered into 36 water rights settlements with individual Indian tribes. These Indian water rights settlements are a means of resolving ongoing disputes related t...
COVID-19: Digital Contact Tracing and Privacy Law
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-09 · Posts · 2,870 words · PDF available
Many states, territories, and localities have implemented public health orders to limit the spread of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in their respective communities, including stay-at-home orders...
Freshwater Harmful Algal Blooms: Causes, Challenges, and Policy Considerations
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-08 · Reports · 14,440 words · PDF available
Scientific research indicates that in recent years, the frequency and geographic distribution of harmful algal blooms (HABs) have been increasing nationally and globally. Because the impacts of HABs c...
CARES Act Higher Education Provisions
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-08 · Resources · 1,619 words · PDF available
President Donald J. Trump declared a U.S. national emergency on March 13, 2020, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act; P.L. 116-136) w...
Monuments and Memorials: Federal Criminal Law Protections
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-08 · Resources · 1,784 words · PDF available
On June 26, 2020, President Trump issued an “Executive Order on Protecting American Monuments, Memorials, and Statues and Combating Recent Criminal Violence” (June 26 Order). Among other things, the J...
Freshwater Harmful Algal Blooms: An Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-08 · Resources · 1,668 words · PDF available
Scientific research indicates that in recent years, the frequency and geographic distribution of harmful algal blooms (HABs) have been increasing nationally and globally. They have been recorded in al...
Proposed Multiemployer Composite Plans: Background and Analysis
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-07 · Reports · 9,634 words · PDF available
Multiemployer pension plans are sponsored by more than one employer in the same industry and are maintained as part of a collective bargaining agreement. The challenges facing one type of multiemploye...
Inland and Intracoastal Waterways: Primer and Issues for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-07 · Resources · 1,181 words · PDF available
The federal government improves and maintains a system of 12,000 miles of inland and intracoastal waterways with over 200 lock and dam chambers. This system facilitates the interstate movement of comm...
Supreme Court Upholds Limited Review of Expedited Removal
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-06 · Posts · 2,160 words · PDF available
Certain non-U.S. nationals (aliens) who lack authorization to enter the United States are subject to a streamlined “expedited removal” process, which affords fewer procedural protections to the alien ...
Federal Support for Providing Housing to Individuals Experiencing Domestic Violence
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-06 · Resources · 1,478 words · PDF available
Introduction Domestic violence (DV) affects millions of people in the United States each year. In 2015, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported that that an estimated 12 million adult ...
Comparing Police Reform Bills: the Justice in Policing Act and the JUSTICE Act
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-06 · Posts · 3,974 words · PDF available
On May 25, 2020, George Floyd died in the custody of the Minneapolis police after an officer pressed his knee into Floyd’s neck while restraining him. That incident, others like it, and subsequent nat...
Supreme Court Rules That Excluding Religious Schools from Aid Program Violates Constitution: Implications for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-02 · Posts · 2,154 words · PDF available
Based on concerns about impermissibly supporting religion, many state constitutions bar state governments from providing funds to churches and other types of religious institutions—even in circumstanc...
Saving for Retirement: Household Decisionmaking and Policy Options
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-02 · Reports · 16,383 words · PDF available
Retirement saving and financial planning have become more important for achieving financial security during retirement. After three decades of growth, employer-sponsored defined contribution (DC) plan...
Older Americans Act: 2020 Reauthorization
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-01 · Reports · 17,506 words · PDF available
First enacted in 1965, the Older Americans Act (OAA) was created in response to concern by policymakers about a lack of community social services for older individuals. Since then, the OAA has been re...
U.S. Food and Agricultural Imports: Safeguards and Selected Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-01 · Reports · 26,218 words · PDF available
High-profile foodborne outbreaks and incidents involving imported foods have generated growing concerns about whether current federal programs sufficiently ensure the safety of these imports. Safety c...
Foxes, Henhouses, and Pension Plans: Supreme Court Concludes Pensioners Receiving Promised Benefits Can’t Sue for Retirement Plan Mismanagement
Congressional Research Service · 2020-06-30 · Posts · 1,687 words · PDF available
In early June 2020, the Supreme Court handed down its decision in Thole v. U.S. Bank concerning the ability of pension plan participants to sue plan fiduciaries who engage in alleged misconduct. In Th...
Foreign Agents Registration Act (FARA): Background and Issues for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2020-06-30 · Reports · 14,737 words · PDF available
On June 9, 1938, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Foreign Agents Registration Act (FARA) into law (22 U.S.C. §§611-621). As initially enacted, FARA sought to expose foreign influence in Amer...
HEROES Act, Division K—COVID-19 Housing, Economic Relief, and Oversight Act
Congressional Research Service · 2020-06-29 · Reports · 9,391 words · PDF available
Many economic effects of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic intensified in April and May 2020, including historically high levels of unemployment and related housing affordability issues...
The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA): An Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2020-06-29 · Resources · 1,665 words · PDF available
The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) of 1977 generally prohibits corrupt payments to foreign officials in exchange for obtaining or retaining business. Congress enacted the FCPA in response to an ...
“Tracing Papers”: A Comparison of COVID-19 Data Privacy Bills
Congressional Research Service · 2020-06-26 · Posts · 1,969 words · PDF available
As COVID-19 continues to spread, many public health authorities are turning to contact tracing—measures to identify, notify, and monitor infected individuals’ contacts—to track potential COVID-19 expo...
Constitutional Authority to Regulate the Privacy of State-Collected Contact-Tracing Data
Congressional Research Service · 2020-06-26 · Posts · 1,289 words · PDF available
Amid the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, several states have developed and promoted contact-tracing mobile device apps to identify individuals who may have had contact with infected persons. Additionally, ...
Supreme Court Visits Appalachian Trail to Address Pipeline Permitting Dispute
Congressional Research Service · 2020-06-26 · Posts · 1,278 words · PDF available
A proposed interstate natural gas pipeline in the mid-Atlantic is one step closer to reality after obtaining one of the federal permits needed for construction and operation, thanks to a decision last...