Policy Library

6,587 documents

Babb v. Wilkie: The Age Discrimination in Employment Act and Mixed Motives
Congressional Research Service · 2020-03-25 · Posts · 2,286 words · PDF available
Can a federal employee claim age discrimination whenever age bias is one factor in an employment decision, or must she show that the employer would have made a different decision but for her age? The ...
Resolving Subpoena Disputes Between the Branches: Potential Impacts of Restricting the Judicial Role
Congressional Research Service · 2020-03-25 · Posts · 3,489 words · PDF available
An en banc panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (D.C. Circuit) is set to consider what could turn out to be one of the circuit’s more consequential decisions on cong...
Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2020 (P.L. 116123): First Coronavirus Supplemental
Congressional Research Service · 2020-03-25 · Reports · 5,659 words · PDF available
In the early months of 2020, the federal government began to express concern over the global outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). COVID-19 is a viral respiratory illness caused by a novel ...
Congressional Use of Advisory Commissions Following Crises
Congressional Research Service · 2020-03-25 · Resources · 1,380 words · PDF available
Throughout U.S. history, Congress has used advisory commissions to assist in the development of public policy. Among other contexts, commissions have been used following crisis situations, including t...
Department of Veterans Affairs: Caregiver Support
Congressional Research Service · 2020-03-24 · Reports · 12,039 words · PDF available
The conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan have presented a new challenge for the United States as servicemembers returned from combat with serious injuries that may have been fatal in previous conflicts. ...
COVID-19 and Federal Procurement Contracts
Congressional Research Service · 2020-03-24 · Posts · 1,729 words · PDF available
The COVID-19 pandemic and related mandates and recommendations to practice social distancing, work from home, shelter in place, and self-quarantine impact government contracts by disrupting supply ch...
COVID-19: Legal Considerations for Bringing a New Vaccine to Market
Congressional Research Service · 2020-03-24 · Posts · 2,792 words · PDF available
As the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases increases at an accelerating rate, interest has grown in developing a COVID-19 vaccine as an avenue for addressing the pandemic. Media reports indicate that a...
Money Market Mutual Funds: A Financial Stability Case Study
Congressional Research Service · 2020-03-24 · Resources · 1,652 words · PDF available
A money market mutual fund (MMF) is a mutual fund that under Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Rule 2a-7 can invest only in high-quality, short-term debt securities, such as U.S. Treasury bills...
Judges Urge Congress to Revise What Can Be Patented
Congressional Research Service · 2020-03-23 · Posts · 2,507 words · PDF available
UPDATE (March 23, 2020): On January 13, 2020, the Supreme Court denied the petition for a writ of certiorari in Athena Diagnostics, Inc. v. Mayo Collaborative Services. Accordingly, the Supreme Court ...
Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2020
Congressional Research Service · 2020-03-20 · Reports · 34,550 words · PDF available
President Trump’s budget request for FY2020 included approximately $134.1 billion for research and development (R&D). Several FY2019 appropriations bills had not been enacted at the time the President...
Postponing Federal Elections and the COVID-19 Pandemic: Legal Considerations
Congressional Research Service · 2020-03-20 · Posts · 1,667 words · PDF available
On March 13, 2020, Louisiana’s Governor invoked emergency powers to announce that the state’s presidential primary election, previously scheduled for April 4, would be postponed for more than two mont...
The Cyberspace Solarium Commission: Illuminating Options for Layered Deterrence
Congressional Research Service · 2020-03-20 · Resources · 1,189 words · PDF available
In August 2018, Congress authorized the Cyberspace Solarium Commission (Commission), a blue-ribbon panel tasked with examining and developing a strategic approach to defending the United States in cyb...
Federal Assistance to Troubled Industries: Selected Examples
Congressional Research Service · 2020-03-19 · Reports · 13,704 words · PDF available
Serious disruptions for certain industries caused by the COVID-19 (coronavirus) pandemic have led to calls for federal government assistance to affected industries. Direct federal financial assistance...
Federal Executive Agencies: Hiring Flexibilities for Emergency Situations
Congressional Research Service · 2020-03-19 · Resources · 1,640 words · PDF available
On January 31, 2020, Secretary of Health and Human Services Alex Azar declared a public health emergency for the United States in response to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). To assist the federal...
The Hours of Service (HOS) Rule for Commercial Truck Drivers and the Electronic Logging Device (ELD) Mandate
Congressional Research Service · 2020-03-18 · Reports · 10,411 words · PDF available
In response to the COVID-19 outbreak, on March 13, 2020, the Department of Transportation (DOT) issued a national emergency declaration to exempt from the Hours of Service (HOS) rule through April 12,...
Supreme Court Grants Stay in MPP Case
Congressional Research Service · 2020-03-18 · Posts · 4,027 words · PDF available
On March 11, 2020, the Supreme Court issued an order in Wolf v. Innovation Law Lab allowing the Trump Administration to continue enforcing its Migrant Protection Protocols (MPP)—also known as the “Rem...
COVID-19 Medical Countermeasures: Intellectual Property and Affordability
Congressional Research Service · 2020-03-18 · Posts · 2,599 words · PDF available
Federal agencies and private industry have begun efforts to develop and test medical countermeasures (such as antiviral treatments and vaccines) to combat COVID-19, the disease caused by the novel cor...
Music Licensing: The ASCAP and BMI Consent Decrees
Congressional Research Service · 2020-03-17 · Resources · 1,704 words · PDF available
On June 5, 2019, the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) announced that it was opening a review of two consent decrees that play a critical role in the music industry. The decrees regulate the copyright ...
Telework in Executive Agencies: Background, OPM Guidance, and 116th Congress Legislation Following Coronavirus
Congressional Research Service · 2020-03-16 · Resources · 1,634 words · PDF available
Background The Telework Enhancement Act of 2010, enacted on December 9, 2010 (P.L. 111-292, 124 Stat. 3165), and codified at Chapter 65 of Title 5 of the United States Code, authorizes telework in exe...
Business Tax Provisions Expiring in 2020, 2021, and 2022 (“Tax Extenders”)
Congressional Research Service · 2020-03-13 · Reports · 10,377 words · PDF available
Thirteen temporary business tax provisions are scheduled to expire at the end of 2020. Four other temporary business tax provisions are scheduled to expire in 2021 or 2022. In the past, Congress has r...
The Abandoned Mine Reclamation Fund: Reauthorization Issues in the 116th Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2020-03-12 · Reports · 11,179 words · PDF available
Coal mining and production in the United States during the 20th century contributed to the nation meeting its energy requirements and left a legacy of unreclaimed lands. Title IV of the Surface Mining...
The First Amendment and “Encouraging” or “Inducing” Unlawful Immigration
Congressional Research Service · 2020-03-12 · Posts · 2,108 words · PDF available
In United States v. Sineneng-Smith, the Supreme Court is considering the constitutionality of a federal criminal prohibition against encouraging or inducing illegal immigration. The U.S. Court of Appe...
Staffing Trends in the USDA Farm Production and Conservation (FPAC) Mission Area
Congressional Research Service · 2020-03-11 · Resources · 1,174 words · PDF available
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) administers federal farm and conservation programs primarily through three agencies: the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), the Farm Service Agenc...
FY2019 State Grants Under Title I-A of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA)
Congressional Research Service · 2020-03-11 · Reports · 2,169 words
The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), most recently comprehensively amended by the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA; P.L. 114-95), is the primary source of federal aid to K-12 education. ...
Red Army Equifax Hackers Indicted
Congressional Research Service · 2020-03-10 · Posts · 1,129 words · PDF available
A federal grand jury has indicted four members of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) for hacking into the Equifax computer system and stealing the personal identifying information of “nearly 1...
The Election Infrastructure Subsector: Development and Challenges
Congressional Research Service · 2020-03-05 · Resources · 1,588 words · PDF available
In January 2017, in accordance with Presidential Policy Directive 21 (PPD-21), the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) designated the systems and assets used in elections as the Election Infrastruct...
Senate Floor Privileges: History and Current Practice
Congressional Research Service · 2020-03-05 · Reports · 9,103 words · PDF available
Senate Standing Rule XXIII, Privilege of the Floor, designates those afforded access to the Senate floor while the Senate is in session. In addition to sitting Senators, the rule lists several eligibl...
Health Care for Veterans: Answers to Frequently Asked Questions
Congressional Research Service · 2020-03-04 · Reports · 21,613 words · PDF available
The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) of the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), operates one of the nation’s largest integrated health care delivery systems. The VHA estimates that in FY2020 it w...
Committee Jurisdiction and Referral in the House
Congressional Research Service · 2020-03-04 · Reports · 3,534 words · PDF available
When legislation is introduced in the House or received from the Senate, it is referred to one or more committees primarily on the basis of the jurisdictional statements contained in clause 1 of House...
International Trade: Rules of Origin
Congressional Research Service · 2020-03-03 · Reports · 9,138 words · PDF available
Rules of origin (ROO) are laws, regulations, and procedures used to determine the country of origin of an imported product. They are a significant part of international trade policy because ROO are ne...
Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP): History and Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2020-03-03 · Reports · 16,344 words · PDF available
Congress established the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) through the National Science and Technology Policy, Organization, and Priorities Act of 1976 (P.L. 94-282). The act states, “The...
Fifth Circuit Holds the Individual Mandate Unconstitutional: Implications for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2020-03-03 · Posts · 2,709 words · PDF available
Update 3/2/20: On March 2, 2020, the Supreme Court granted review in the Texas litigation. The questions at issue before the Court are: (1) whether the individual and state plaintiffs have standing to...
The Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS): Frequently Asked Questions About Small Refinery Exemptions (SREs)
Congressional Research Service · 2020-03-02 · Reports · 11,214 words · PDF available
In the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (P.L. 109-58; EPAct05), Congress required the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to implement the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS)—a mandate that requires U.S. tr...
Mathena v. Malvo—A Challenge to Life Without Parole for the Juvenile D.C. Sniper
Congressional Research Service · 2020-02-27 · Posts · 2,998 words · PDF available
UPDATE: On February 24, 2020, Virginia Governor Ralph Northam signed into law HB 35, which provides that any person previously sentenced to life imprisonment without parole for offenses committed as a...
U.S.-EU Trade Agreement Negotiations: Trade in Food and Agricultural Products
Congressional Research Service · 2020-02-27 · Reports · 13,444 words · PDF available
The Office of the U.S. Trade Representative (USTR) officially notified the Congress of the Trump Administration’s plans to enter into formal trade negotiations with the European Union (EU) in October ...
Major Agricultural Trade Issues in 2020
Congressional Research Service · 2020-02-27 · Reports · 31,316 words · PDF available
Sales of U.S. agricultural products to foreign markets absorb about one-fifth of U.S. agricultural production, thus contributing significantly to the health of the farm economy. Farm product exports, ...
ESEA: Title I-A Standards, Assessments, Accountability, Report Cards, and Frequently Asked Questions
Congressional Research Service · 2020-02-27 · Reports · 21,016 words · PDF available
The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), as amended by the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA; P.L. 114-95), provides federal aid for elementary and secondary education. The largest ESEA progr...
Wells Fargo—A Timeline of Recent Consumer Protection and Corporate Governance Scandals
Congressional Research Service · 2020-02-27 · Resources · 1,505 words · PDF available
Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., is a large federally chartered depository bank. It is a subsidiary of Wells Fargo and Company, a bank holding company (hereinafter, Wells Fargo or the bank). Wells Fargo is the...
Is There Liability for Cross-Border Shooting?
Congressional Research Service · 2020-02-26 · Posts · 1,285 words · PDF available
Update: On February 25, 2020, the Supreme Court affirmed the decision of the Fifth Circuit, holding that the Bivens theory cannot be extended to encompass an implied-cause-of-action for cross-border s...
U.S. Foreign-Trade Zone (FTZ) Program
Congressional Research Service · 2020-02-26 · Resources · 1,518 words · PDF available
Congress passed the U.S. Foreign-Trade Zone Act (P.L. 73-397, 19 U.S.C. §§81[a-u]) in 1934, which authorized the creation of the FTZ Program. The intent of the program was to encourage international t...
District Court Rejects DOI’s Ban on Tribes’ Re-petitioning for Federal Recognition
Congressional Research Service · 2020-02-26 · Posts · 1,415 words · PDF available
On January 10, 2020, the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Washington held that the Department of the Interior’s (DOI) 2015 Final Rule revising 25 C.F.R. Part 83 to ban Indian groups fro...
Federal Freight Policy: In Brief
Congressional Research Service · 2020-02-26 · Reports · 5,806 words · PDF available
This report provides an overview of federal planning and funding for freight transportation infrastructure, namely for trucks, railroads, and vessels. The report also discusses the relative performanc...
Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data
Congressional Research Service · 2020-02-21 · Reports · 11,492 words
The federal government owns roughly 640 million acres, about 28% of the 2.27 billion acres of land in the United States. Four major federal land management agencies administer 606.5 million acres of t...
Carbon Sequestration Legislation in the 116th Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2020-02-21 · Resources · 1,377 words · PDF available
Utilizing permanent underground storage of carbon dioxide (CO2), also known as geological sequestration, as a potential strategy to reduce net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is receiving increasing co...
Amazon’s Protest of DoD’s JEDI Cloud Computing Contract: A Legal Analysis
Congressional Research Service · 2020-02-19 · Posts · 2,209 words · PDF available
In October 2019, after an approximately two-year competitive bidding procurement process, the Department of Defense (DoD) announced that it had awarded a Joint Enterprise Defense Infrastructure (JEDI)...
Workers’ Compensation: Overview and Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2020-02-18 · Reports · 13,246 words · PDF available
Workers’ compensation provides cash and medical benefits to workers who are injured or become ill in the course of their employment and provides cash benefits to the survivors of workers killed on the...
Federal Aid for Individuals Pursuing Non-degree Education and Training Programs
Congressional Research Service · 2020-02-18 · Resources · 1,016 words · PDF available
Introduction The Trump Administration and Congress have demonstrated bipartisan support for increasing federal assistance to individuals pursuing postsecondary non-degree programs, sometimes referred ...
Workers’ Compensation: Overview and Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2020-02-18 · Resources · 1,485 words · PDF available
Introduction Nearly all workers and employers in the United States are covered by workers’ compensation. When a covered worker is injured, becomes sick, or dies as a result of his or her employment, t...
Accomplices, Aiding and Abetting, and the Like: An Abbreviated Overview of 18 U.S.C. § 2
Congressional Research Service · 2020-02-14 · Reports · 2,595 words
Virtually every federal criminal statute has a hidden feature; primary offenders and even their most casual accomplices face equal punishment. This is the work of 18 U.S.C. § 2, which visits the same ...
Electric Vehicles: A Primer on Technology and Selected Policy Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2020-02-14 · Reports · 8,190 words · PDF available
The market for electrified light-duty vehicles (also called passenger vehicles; including passenger cars, pickup trucks, SUVs, and minivans) has grown since the 1990s. During this decade, the first co...