Policy Library

7,020 documents

FDA’s Role in the Medical Product Supply Chain and Considerations During COVID-19
Congressional Research Service · 2020-09-01 · Reports · 20,620 words · PDF available
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected the medical product supply chain globally and domestically. Although concerns about the U.S. medical product supply chain predate the emer...
The Global Compact on Migration (GCM) and U.S. Policy
Congressional Research Service · 2020-09-01 · Resources · 1,555 words · PDF available
Congress has demonstrated ongoing interest in the global migration crisis, particularly with recent flows of migrants and refugees to the United States from Central America and Mexico. In 2019 an esti...
Trends in Commemorative Legislation, 93rd Through 115th Congresses
Congressional Research Service · 2020-08-31 · Resources · 1,086 words · PDF available
Since the Continental Congress, commemorative legislation has been used to express public gratitude for distinguished contributions to American history and society; extol the virtues of individuals, g...
School Construction and Renovation: A Review of Federal Programs and Legislation
Congressional Research Service · 2020-08-31 · Reports · 11,964 words · PDF available
By some measures, spending on new construction and renovation in public elementary and secondary schools in the United States in FY2018 was over $50 billion. Although there is currently no ongoing fed...
The Future of Space Tourism
Congressional Research Service · 2020-08-28 · Reports · 7,658 words · PDF available
Several private companies are developing plans to take paying customers to space on a regular basis. Federal oversight of space tourism has been deliberately light, consistent with the Commercial Spac...
Rural Digital Opportunity Fund: Requirements and Selected Policy Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2020-08-28 · Reports · 6,078 words · PDF available
Broadband internet has become increasingly important in the 21st century, as more and more aspects of everyday life, such as job applications and homework assignments, require the use of digital techn...
Military Courts-Martial Under the Military Justice Act of 2016
Congressional Research Service · 2020-08-28 · Reports · 18,810 words · PDF available
The Supreme Court has called military justice a system of justice separate from jurisprudence in the civilian courts. Members of the Armed Forces are subject to rules, orders, proceedings, and consequ...
Forest Service Inventoried Roadless Areas (IRAs)
Congressional Research Service · 2020-08-28 · Reports · 11,896 words · PDF available
Inventoried roadless areas (IRAs) are areas of the National Forest System (NFS) managed according to regulations, known as roadless rules, that generally limit timber harvesting and road building. The...
International Education Programs in the Higher Education Act
Congressional Research Service · 2020-08-28 · Reports · 6,187 words · PDF available
The Higher Education Act of 1965 (HEA; P.L. 89-329) authorizes numerous federal aid programs that provide support to both individuals pursuing a postsecondary education and institutions of higher educ...
Biometric Entry-Exit System: Legislative History and Status
Congressional Research Service · 2020-08-27 · Resources · 1,752 words · PDF available
The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is statutorily required to develop and implement an automated biometric (i.e., physical characteristics such as fingerprints, face, or irises) entry-exit syst...
The U.S. Blood Supply and the COVID-19 Response: In Brief
Congressional Research Service · 2020-08-26 · Reports · 8,623 words · PDF available
The nation’s blood supply is largely managed by a network of independent blood centers and the American Red Cross, with some oversight from the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the Fo...
Health Care for Federal Prisoners
Congressional Research Service · 2020-08-26 · Resources · 1,521 words · PDF available
This In Focus provides a brief overview of how the Bureau of Prisons (BOP) provides medical care to prisoners in its custody. BOP operates 122 prisons across the country, and at of the end of FY2019 t...
The Individual Mandate for Health Insurance Coverage: In Brief
Congressional Research Service · 2020-08-25 · Reports · 5,345 words · PDF available
The individual mandate, as established under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA; P.L. 111-148, as amended), has been in effect since 2014. From January 1, 2014, through December 31, 2...
Telegraphs, Steamships, and Virtual Currency: An Analysis of Money Transmitter Regulation
Congressional Research Service · 2020-08-20 · Reports · 10,955 words · PDF available
Money transmission is an age-old practice. What started as a way of sending money to a person across the country via telegraph networks has evolved into a complex world of electronic payments on a glo...
Using Models in Energy Policymaking
Congressional Research Service · 2020-08-20 · Resources · 1,604 words · PDF available
Computer models use mathematical representations of real world systems to gain insights into complex processes, linkages between elements in a system, and how changes to a system might affect outcomes...
Addressing COVID-19 Pandemic Impacts on Civil Aviation Operations
Congressional Research Service · 2020-08-17 · Reports · 8,859 words · PDF available
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a large impact on civil aviation, particularly commercial passenger airline operations. The combination of travel restrictions; state and local mandates to stay at home, ...
Judicial Review of Mercury and Air Toxics Regulations
Congressional Research Service · 2020-08-17 · Resources · 1,786 words · PDF available
Since 1990, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA’s) efforts to regulate mercury and other hazardous air pollutants (HAPs or air toxics) emitted by power plants have faced numerous legal cha...
COVID-19: The Federal Reserve’s Municipal Liquidity Facility
Congressional Research Service · 2020-08-14 · Resources · 1,600 words · PDF available
State and local (municipal) governments issue debt (often called bonds) for a variety of purposes, including infrastructure construction. In April 2020, the Federal Reserve (Fed) announced the creatio...
The Office of Federal Financial Management: An Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2020-08-13 · Resources · 1,302 words · PDF available
Introduction In an effort to improve federal financial management, Congress established the Office of Federal Financial Management (OFFM). A component of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), OFF...
Title IX’s Application to Transgender Athletes: Recent Developments
Congressional Research Service · 2020-08-12 · Posts · 2,242 words · PDF available
On May 15, 2020, the Department of Education’s (ED’s) Office for Civil Rights (OCR) issued a Letter of Impending Enforcement Action (Enforcement Letter) to the Connecticut Interscholastic Athletic Con...
Forecasting Tropical Cyclones: Overview and Issues for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2020-08-11 · Reports · 19,294 words · PDF available
Timely tropical cyclone forecasts can provide early and accurate warnings to parts of the U.S. coastline vulnerable to tropical cyclone impacts. Recent hurricane seasons have included several major hu...
President Trump’s Executive Actions on Student Loans, Wage Assistance, Payroll Taxes, and Evictions: Initial Takeaways
Congressional Research Service · 2020-08-10 · Posts · 2,961 words · PDF available
In enacting the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Stability Act (CARES Act), Congress provided relief to those confronting economic hardship as a result of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) ...
The Social Security Trust Funds and the Budget
Congressional Research Service · 2020-08-07 · Resources · 1,756 words · PDF available
Social Security, a self-financing program, is the federal government’s single largest program in terms of the number of people affected (i.e., covered workers and beneficiaries) and its finances (i.e....
Social Security: Economic Growth and the Funding Shortfall
Congressional Research Service · 2020-08-06 · Reports · 12,738 words · PDF available
The Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program, commonly known as Social Security, is facing a projected financial shortfall. The program provides monthly benefits to retired or disa...
Tax Issues Relating to Charitable Contributions and Organizations
Congressional Research Service · 2020-08-04 · Reports · 24,610 words · PDF available
The federal government supports the charitable sector by providing charitable organizations and donors with favorable tax treatment. Individuals itemizing deductions may claim a tax deduction for char...
The Community Development Block Grant’s Disaster Recovery (CDBG-DR) Component: Background and Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2020-08-03 · Reports · 9,241 words
CDBG-DR is an abbreviation used to refer to supplemental appropriations for disaster recovery administered through the Department of Housing and Urban Development’s (HUD’s) Community Development Block...
Contact Tracing for COVID-19: Domestic Policy Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2020-08-03 · Resources · 1,623 words · PDF available
Contact tracing is a classic tool of public health investigation used to identify the close contacts of persons infected with a communicable disease, notify them of potential exposure, and enable cont...
House Conferees: Selection
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-30 · Reports · 1,494 words · PDF available
A conference committee is a process through which Congress can resolve differences between House and Senate versions of legislation passed by both chambers. Typically reserved for disagreements on par...
Comparing the Congressional Response to the Great Recession and the COVID-19-Related Recession: Unemployment Insurance (UI) Provisions
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-30 · Reports · 13,319 words · PDF available
In response to recent economic recessions, Congress has enacted temporary measures related to Unemployment Insurance (UI) programs and benefits. These temporary federal provisions have included augmen...
American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-29 · Reports · 12,270 words · PDF available
This report provides U.S. war casualty statistics. It includes data tables containing the number of casualties among American military personnel who served in principal wars and combat operations from...
Rail Transportation of Liquefied Natural Gas: Safety and Regulation
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-28 · Reports · 12,686 words · PDF available
An emerging alternative to domestic natural gas pipelines is shipping natural gas by rail, creating what some refer to as “virtual pipelines.” On April 10, 2019, the Trump Administration issued Execut...
Confederate Symbols: Relation to Federal Lands and Programs
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-28 · Reports · 12,629 words · PDF available
Congress is considering the relationship of Confederate symbols to federal lands and programs. A number of federal agencies administer assets or fund activities in which references to the Civil War Co...
EPA Water Infrastructure Funding in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-24 · Reports · 9,685 words · PDF available
As part of the federal response to the “Great Recession,” Congress passed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA, P.L. 111-5) to stimulate the economy and address a range of other po...
Racial Profiling: Constitutional and Statutory Considerations for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-24 · Posts · 2,390 words · PDF available
Protests over the death of George Floyd in police custody have prompted renewed interest in police reform efforts. One particular area of focus has been the issue of racial profiling by state and loca...
This Land Is Whose Land? The McGirt v. Oklahoma Decision and Considerations for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-24 · Posts · 2,259 words · PDF available
On July 9, 2020, the Supreme Court announced its decision in McGirt v. Oklahoma—hailed by some as the “most significant Indian Law case of the century.” In a 5-4 ruling, the Court held that land reser...
CARES Act Payments Use and Recipient Characteristics: In Brief
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-24 · Reports · 3,375 words · PDF available
In response to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act, P.L. 116-136) provided direct payments to individuals and families. ...
Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac in Conservatorship: Frequently Asked Questions
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-22 · Reports · 11,354 words · PDF available
Congress chartered Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac as government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs) to provide liquidity in the mortgage market and promote homeownership for underserved groups and locations. The...
Immigration Laws Regulating the Admission and Exclusion of Aliens at the Border
Before the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the past few years had seen a marked increase in the number of apprehensions of non-U.S. nationals (aliens) at the border seeking to unlawfully...
Antitrust Regulators Release New Vertical Merger Guidelines
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-21 · Posts · 1,189 words · PDF available
On June 30, the Department of Justice (DOJ) and Federal Trade Commission (FTC) finalized new Vertical Merger Guidelines (VMG) outlining their approach to mergers and acquisitions between firms at diff...
Border Barrier Litigation: Open Questions for Department of Defense Transfer Authority
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-21 · Posts · 2,325 words · PDF available
The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (Ninth Circuit) recently added to the growing body of case law on the Trump Administration’s decision to fund border barrier construction using Departme...
COVID-19: Department of Justice Enforcement Against Scams
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-20 · Reports · 5,729 words · PDF available
Criminals and other malicious actors often seek to capitalize on world events for their gain. Currently, some are leveraging the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and relying on heightened ...
Regulating Internet Access: Lessons from COVID-19
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-20 · Posts · 2,036 words · PDF available
As some states and localities have paused re-opening efforts in response to recent increases in COVID-19 cases, internet access continues to serve a critical role to help many individuals work, learn,...
Climate Change Adaptation: U.S. Department of Agriculture
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-17 · Reports · 15,010 words · PDF available
Congress has debated the significance of global climate change and what federal policies, if any, should be adopted to address it. Federal policies may focus on climate change adaptation—actions taken...
Will the FTC Need to Rethink Its Enforcement Playbook (Part II)? Circuit Split Casts Doubt on the FTC’s Ability to Seek Restitution in Section 13(b) Suits
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-17 · Posts · 2,974 words · PDF available
UPDATE: On July 9, 2020, the U.S. Supreme Court agreed to review the Seventh Circuit’s decision in FTC v. Credit Bureau Center and the Ninth Circuit’s decision in AMG Capital Management v. FTC. The Co...
COVID-19 and Other Election Emergencies: Frequently Asked Questions and Recent Policy Developments
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-16 · Reports · 14,778 words · PDF available
This report addresses frequently asked questions and policy developments surrounding election emergencies. For the purposes of this report, election emergencies are defined as unexpected, rapidly deve...
Ripple Effects: Assessing Impacts of the Supreme Court’s Risk Corridors Decision
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-16 · Posts · 2,220 words · PDF available
Although most eyes tracking Affordable Care Act (ACA) litigation may be drawn to California v. Texas during the Supreme Court’s upcoming term, the Court handed down an ACA decision this past term that...
Surface Transportation Reauthorization and Climate Change: H.R. 2 and S. 2302
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-15 · Reports · 6,268 words · PDF available
Federal highway, public transportation, and intercity passenger rail programs are authorized through FY2020 under the Fixing America’s Surface Transportation (FAST) Act (P.L. 114-94). During the 116th...
Emergency Authorities Under the National Emergencies Act, Stafford Act, and Public Health Service Act
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-14 · Reports · 22,753 words · PDF available
The Supreme Court has explained that the President’s authority “must stem either from an act of Congress or from the Constitution itself.” Because Article II of the Constitution does not grant the Exe...
Presidential Succession: Perspectives and Contemporary Issues for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-14 · Reports · 16,427 words · PDF available
Succession to the office of President of the United States is provided for by the Twenty-Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and Title 3, Section 19 of the U.S. Code (3 U.S.C. §19). The Twenty-Fi...
Saltonstall-Kennedy Act: Background and Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2020-07-14 · Reports · 7,153 words
The Saltonstall-Kennedy (S-K) Act of 1954 (15 U.S.C. §713c-3) established a program to provide financial support for research and development of commercial fisheries. The S-K Act created a fund (known...