Policy Library

7,020 documents

Repairs and Alterations Backlog at the General Services Administration
Congressional Research Service · 2020-06-12 · Reports · 7,890 words · PDF available
The General Services Administration (GSA), often referred to as “the government’s landlord,” provides workspace for 1.2 million federal employees across more than 50 federal agencies. Half of the spac...
COVID-19: Remote Voting Trends and the Election Infrastructure Subsector
Congressional Research Service · 2020-06-10 · Reports · 9,146 words · PDF available
The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) designated the systems and assets used to administer elections as a critical infrastructure subsector in 2017. The federal elections policy framework—includin...
The FUTURE Act (P.L. 116-91): Amendments to the Higher Education Act and Internal Revenue Code
Congressional Research Service · 2020-06-09 · Reports · 5,250 words · PDF available
In December 2019, Congress enacted and the President signed the Fostering Undergraduate Talent by Unlocking Resources for Education Act (FUTURE Act; P.L. 116-91). The law primarily addresses three hig...
COVID-19 Electric Utility Disconnections
Congressional Research Service · 2020-06-09 · Reports · 4,187 words · PDF available
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, many utilities, local governments, and state governments have implemented policies to suspend disconnections for nonpayment, known as disconnection moratoria. The...
Are Antifa Members Domestic Terrorists? Background on Antifa and Federal Classification of Their Actions
Congressional Research Service · 2020-06-09 · Resources · 1,640 words · PDF available
On May 31, 2020, President Donald Trump announced via Twitter that the United States will be designating “antifa”—this term is applied to an organization of loosely affiliated individuals who describe...
Three Strikes, You’re Out: Supreme Court to Consider Limit on Prisoner Litigation
Congressional Research Service · 2020-06-08 · Posts · 2,436 words · PDF available
UPDATE: The Supreme Court issued its opinion in Lomax v. Ortiz-Marquez on June 8, 2020. The full Court agreed that “[t]he text of Section 1915(g)’s three-strikes provision refers to any dismissal for ...
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency FY2021 Appropriations
Congressional Research Service · 2020-06-08 · Resources · 1,263 words · PDF available
Since FY2006, Congress has funded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies appropriations bills. Released February 10, 2020, the President’s bu...
Withdrawal from the World Health Organization: Legal Basis and Implications
Congressional Research Service · 2020-06-05 · Posts · 1,880 words · PDF available
On May 30, 2020, President Trump announced that he plans to terminate the United States’ relationship with the World Health Organization (WHO). This Sidebar assumes that “terminate” means to withdraw ...
HIPAA, Telehealth, and COVID-19
Congressional Research Service · 2020-06-05 · Posts · 1,899 words · PDF available
In recent years, health care providers have increasingly turned to technology to provide remote health care services to patients (i.e., “telehealth”). This use of telehealth has only become more impor...
Medicare Coverage of Medication Assisted Treatment (MAT) for Opioid Addiction
Congressional Research Service · 2020-06-04 · Resources · 1,538 words · PDF available
Medicare covers certain reasonable and necessary services provided by Medicare-enrolled health care practitioners for treating substance abuse disorders, such as alcoholism and opioid and other drug a...
The Universal Service Fund and COVID-19: The FCC and Industry Response
Congressional Research Service · 2020-06-04 · Resources · 1,737 words · PDF available
The need for social distancing, due to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, has led to an increase in remote working, distance learning, and telemedicine—activities that depend on connect...
Future Force Structure Requirements for the United States Navy
Congressional Research Service · 2020-06-04 · Testimony · 16,283 words · PDF available
Navy, force structure, requirements, shipbuilding, shipyard, procurement, industrial base, China.
Fiscal Federalism: Theory and Practice
Congressional Research Service · 2020-06-03 · Reports · 9,796 words · PDF available
The field of fiscal federalism studies how to divide responsibilities (including finances) among federal, state, and local governments to improve economic efficiency and achieve various public policy ...
Paid Family and Medical Leave: Current Policy and Legislative Proposals in the 116th Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2020-06-03 · Reports · 14,020 words · PDF available
The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA; P.L. 103-3, as amended) is the primary federal policy governing family and medical leave. Under FMLA, eligible workers are provided with a federal entit...
Testing, Testing, (Phase) 1-2-3: Legal Considerations for Clinical Trials of Potential COVID-19 Vaccines
Congressional Research Service · 2020-06-02 · Posts · 2,270 words · PDF available
In the race to develop a Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine, several pharmaceutical companies, governments, and educational institutions around the world have begun testing their potential CO...
WIFIA Program: Background and Recent Developments
Congressional Research Service · 2020-06-02 · Resources · 1,655 words · PDF available
The Water Resources Reform and Development Act of 2014 authorized the Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act (WIFIA) program to promote development of and private investment in water infrastr...
Social Security, Deficits, and Debt
Congressional Research Service · 2020-06-01 · Resources · 1,681 words · PDF available
Social Security is a self-financing program that covers an estimated 178 million workers and will provide monthly benefits to about 64 million beneficiaries in 2020. The Social Security program is com...
Pharmaceutical Patenting Practices: A Legal Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2020-06-01 · Resources · 1,646 words · PDF available
Pharmaceutical manufacturers frequently obtain intellectual property (IP) rights in their products. IP law provides exclusive rights in a particular invention or product for a certain time period, pot...
What Role Might the Federal Government Play in Law Enforcement Reform?
Congressional Research Service · 2020-06-01 · Resources · 1,505 words · PDF available
Over the past few years, several high-profile police-involved shootings and alleged instances of excessive force have generated congressional interest in state and local policing. Congressional intere...
Digital Contact Tracing Technology: Overview and Considerations for Implementation
Congressional Research Service · 2020-05-29 · Resources · 1,378 words · PDF available
Background “Contact tracing” is a public health measure used to control disease spread. Trained public health workers assist patients with an infectious disease recall their close contacts within a gi...
COVID-19: Federal Travel Restrictions and Quarantine Measures
Congressional Research Service · 2020-05-28 · Posts · 1,745 words · PDF available
In response to the ongoing Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the federal government has taken several actions to deter persons with potential COVID-19 infection from entering the country. ...
Supreme Court Permits Retroactive Punitive Damages Against Sudan in Terrorism Cases
Congressional Research Service · 2020-05-28 · Posts · 1,307 words · PDF available
More than two decades after the U.S. embassies bombings in Tanzania and Kenya, some plaintiffs who alleged that Sudanese support of Al Qaeda contributed to the attacks have won the opportunity to obt...
CFIUS: New Foreign Investment Review Regulations
Congressional Research Service · 2020-05-28 · Resources · 1,741 words · PDF available
Overview On January 13, 2020, the Department of the Treasury issued final regulations to implement key parts of the Foreign Investment Risk Review Modernization Act (FIRRMA) (Title XVII, P.L. 115-232)...
Spectrum Interference Issues: Ligado, the L-Band, and GPS
Congressional Research Service · 2020-05-28 · Resources · 1,655 words · PDF available
On April 20, 2020, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) unanimously approved a controversial application by Ligado Networks, a U.S. satellite communications company, to deploy a terrestrial nat...
New Title IX Sexual Harassment Regulations Overhaul Responsibilities for Schools
Congressional Research Service · 2020-05-27 · Posts · 2,267 words · PDF available
The Department of Education (ED) published new regulations implementing Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (Title IX) on May 19, 2020. Title IX prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex i...
Summary and Analysis of S. 2657, the American Energy Innovation Act
Congressional Research Service · 2020-05-27 · Reports · 37,073 words · PDF available
Issues in the 116th Congress reflect the ongoing debate over the federal role in energy policy, particularly related to research and development (R&D), development of fossil and renewable energy on fe...
Time Is Time, but Money Is Money
Congressional Research Service · 2020-05-26 · Posts · 1,125 words · PDF available
Introduction In United States v. Saccoccia, the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit (First Circuit) recently refused to vacate a 1993 judgment ordering Stephen Saccoccia—who is servin...
Presidential Removal of IGs Under the Inspector General Act
Congressional Research Service · 2020-05-22 · Posts · 1,932 words · PDF available
President Trump has recently removed or replaced a number of acting and permanent Inspectors General (IGs), including the Intelligence Community IG, the State Department IG, and acting IGs at the Depa...
Data on Multiemployer Defined Benefit (DB) Pension Plans
Congressional Research Service · 2020-05-22 · Reports · 8,692 words · PDF available
Multiemployer defined benefit (DB) pension plans are private-sector pensions sponsored by more than one employer and maintained as part of a collective bargaining agreement. In DB pension plans, parti...
The Federal Role in Groundwater Supply
Congressional Research Service · 2020-05-22 · Reports · 12,990 words · PDF available
Groundwater, the water in aquifers accessible by wells, is a critical component of the U.S. water supply. It is important for both domestic and agricultural water needs, among other uses. Nearly half ...
Congress, the Judiciary, and Civil and Criminal Procedure
Congressional Research Service · 2020-05-22 · Resources · 1,861 words · PDF available
Two sets of authorities govern proceedings in federal court: substantive laws create certain legal rights or impose duties, while procedural laws control the way courts enforce those substantive right...
Broadband Connectivity and COVID-19: The FCC’s Response
Congressional Research Service · 2020-05-21 · Posts · 1,768 words · PDF available
As states and localities have directed their citizens to stay home in response to the COVID-19 outbreak, internet traffic in the United States has shifted dramatically. The greater number of individua...
Medicare Primer
Congressional Research Service · 2020-05-21 · Reports · 21,778 words
Medicare is a federal program that pays for covered health care services of qualified beneficiaries. It was established in 1965 under Title XVIII of the Social Security Act to provide health insurance...
Section 7 of the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act: In Brief
Congressional Research Service · 2020-05-21 · Reports · 4,870 words · PDF available
Congress established the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System (NWSRS) in 1968 through the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (WSRA). The WSRA established a policy of preserving designated free-flowing river...
Serving Free School Meals through the Community Eligibility Provision (CEP): Background and Participation
Congressional Research Service · 2020-05-20 · Reports · 11,497 words · PDF available
The Community Eligibility Provision (CEP) is an option within the National School Lunch Program (NSLP) and School Breakfast Program (SBP) that is designed to enable high-poverty schools to serve free ...
Suspension of the Rules: House Practice in the 115th Congress (2017-2018)
Congressional Research Service · 2020-05-19 · Reports · 6,642 words · PDF available
Suspension of the rules is the most commonly used procedure to call up measures on the floor of the House of Representatives. As the name suggests, the procedure allows the House to suspend its standi...
Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act (SORNA) Survives Renewed Constitutional Challenges
Congressional Research Service · 2020-05-19 · Posts · 653 words · PDF available
Introduction The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit (Fourth Circuit) in United States v. Wass recently overturned a district court decision that dismissed on constitutional grounds an indict...
Bribery, Kickbacks, and Self-Dealing: An Overview of Honest Services Fraud and Issues for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2020-05-18 · Reports · 17,565 words · PDF available
As the trials of state legislators Sheldon Silver and Dean Skelos illustrate, corruption among high-profile public officials continues to be a concern in the United States. Likewise, recent examples a...
Judiciary Appropriations, FY2020
Congressional Research Service · 2020-05-18 · Reports · 11,696 words · PDF available
Funds for the judicial branch are included annually in the Financial Services and General Government (FSGG) appropriations bill. The bill provides funding for the U.S. Supreme Court; the U.S. Court of...
Child Support Enforcement-Led Employment Services for Noncustodial Parents: In Brief
Congressional Research Service · 2020-05-18 · Reports · 6,571 words · PDF available
The Child Support Enforcement (CSE) program is a federal-state partnership that seeks to ensure child support is a regular source of income for families. The program transfers financial support from a...
COVID-19 and Workplace Liability: Selected Issues Under Antidiscrimination Laws
Congressional Research Service · 2020-05-18 · Posts · 1,570 words · PDF available
The COVID-19 pandemic has forced unprecedented workplace changes and raised a host of legal issues. Employers may struggle with how to protect workers from infection, including whether to make any spe...
Antitrust Enforcement During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Frequently Asked Questions
Congressional Research Service · 2020-05-18 · Posts · 1,881 words · PDF available
Although the COVID-19 coronavirus has shuttered wide swaths of the U.S. economy, it has also spurred a flurry of activity by some of the country’s largest firms. To respond to the virus, major medical...
Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies (THUD) Appropriations for FY2020: In Brief
Congressional Research Service · 2020-05-18 · Reports · 6,419 words · PDF available
The respective House and Senate Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies (THUD) appropriations subcommittees are charged with providing annual appropriations for the Departm...
Agency Discretion to Manage Appropriated Funds: The WHO Funding Announcement
Congressional Research Service · 2020-05-15 · Posts · 2,517 words · PDF available
On April 14, 2020, President Donald J. Trump announced that his Administration would “halt” funding to the World Health Organization (WHO) while it investigates the WHO’s Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COV...
Foreign Sovereign Immunity and COVID-19 Lawsuits Against China
Congressional Research Service · 2020-05-15 · Posts · 2,028 words · PDF available
Putative classes of plaintiffs have launched at least five class action lawsuits against the government of the People’s Republic of China (PRC or China) for losses in the United States associated with...
Election 2020 and the COVID-19 Pandemic: Legal Issues in Absentee and All-Mail Voting
Congressional Research Service · 2020-05-15 · Posts · 2,399 words · PDF available
As a result of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, there have been concerns about the potential impact on the 2020 federal election cycle. Some states have delayed primary elections, and...
Copyright and State Sovereign Immunity: The Allen v. Cooper Decision
Congressional Research Service · 2020-05-15 · Posts · 2,006 words · PDF available
On March 23, 2020, the Supreme Court issued its opinion in Allen v. Cooper, concluding that Congress lacked the authority to enact the Copyright Remedy Clarification Act of 1990 (CRCA), which purporte...
Federal Authority to Lift or Modify State and Local COVID-19 “Stay-at-Home” Orders: Frequently Asked Questions
Congressional Research Service · 2020-05-15 · Posts · 2,219 words · PDF available
To contain the spread of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), roughly 20 states and the District of Columbia continue to operate under so-called “stay-at-home” orders closing nonessential business...
Tax Cuts and Economic Stimulus: How Effective Are the Alternatives?
Congressional Research Service · 2020-05-14 · Reports · 6,314 words
The economic effects of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led Congress to enact general fiscal stimulus in the form of tax cuts and spending increases. Further stimulus may be consi...
COVID-19 and China: A Chronology of Events (December 2019-January 2020)
Congressional Research Service · 2020-05-13 · Reports · 21,545 words · PDF available
In Congress, multiple bills and resolutions have been introduced related to China’s handling of a novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China, that expanded to become the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVI...