Late Liquidation Period for Elementary and Secondary Education Funds Provided During COVID-19 Pandemic
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, Congress enacted several programs that provided federal funds “to prevent, prepare for, and respond to coronavirus” in elementary and secondary education, or prov...
Gaming on Tribal Lands: The Indian Gaming Regulatory Act’s “Restored Lands” Exception
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Information as of July 3, 2025. Prepared by Mariel J. Murray, Specialist in Natural Resources Policy; Mainon A. Schwartz, Legislative
Attorney; and Jamie Bush, Visual Information Specialist.
1 P.L. ...
H.R. 1 Provisions Affecting Renewable Energy
On May 22, 2025, the House passed its version of H.R. 1, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act. On July 1, the Senate passed its version of the bill. The bill would reduce tax rates, adjust spending for vari...
United States v. Skrmetti: Supreme Court Affirms State Ban Against Certain Medical Treatments for Transgender Minors
On June 18, 2025, the Supreme Court affirmed a decision of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, ruling that a Tennessee law “banning certain medical care for transgender minors” does not c...
Trump v. CASA, Inc.: Supreme Court Limits Nationwide Injunctions
On June 27, 2025, the Supreme Court issued a decision in Trump v. CASA, Inc., a trio of consolidated cases in which the Court limited the ability of federal courts to block federal laws and policies. ...
DeepSeek and the Race to Develop Artificial Intelligence
DeepSeek is an artificial intelligence (AI) start-up founded in 2023 and based in Hangzhou, China. DeepSeek’s CEO, Liang Wenfeng, also created High-Flyer, a hedge fund that is reportedly the sole fund...
Line 5 Pipeline: Relocation and Permitting
The Line 5 Pipeline is a 30-inch diameter, 645-mile pipeline owned by Enbridge carrying up to 540,000 barrels per day of crude oil and natural gas liquids from Superior, WI, to Sarnia, Ontario (Figure...
Veterans’ Educational Assistance Legislation Enacted in the 118th Congress
The veterans’ educational assistance programs, including the GI Bills, are intended to support recruitment to and retention in the Armed Forces, help servicemembers and veterans adjust to the civilian...
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Pipelines: Safety, Siting, and Eminent Domain
Carbon dioxide (CO2) pipelines are essential to carbon capture and storage (CCS) systems, promoted by both the Biden and Trump Administrations to reduce emissions of CO2—a greenhouse gas—from power pl...
Federal Preemption and Texas S.B. 4
In November 2023, Texas passed Senate Bill 4 (S.B. 4), which makes it a crime for an alien to, among other things, enter or attempt to enter the state from a foreign nation through a location other th...
Health Coverage Provisions in One Big Beautiful Bill Act (H.R. 1) as Passed by the House with Comparison of Senate Draft Language
On May 22, 2025, the House passed the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA; H.R. 1), which provides for budget reconciliation pursuant to Title II of the Concurrent Resolution on the Budget for FY2025 (H...
Israel-Iran Conflict, U.S. Strikes, and Ceasefire
On June 13, 2025, Israel began a major military operation against Iran, including air strikes and reported covert action. Iran retaliated by launching waves of ballistic missiles against Israel. See F...
Budget Reconciliation: Farm Bill Programs Without a Budget Baseline and Trade Promotion, Research, Horticulture, and Animal Health Programs with a Budget Baseline
The agriculture title of the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (Title I of House-passed H.R. 1) and the Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry Budget Reconciliation Text (June 25, 2025) wou...
Federal Grants to State and Local Governments: Trends and Issues
In FY2024, the federal government provided an estimated $1.1 trillion to state and local governments in federal grants, funding a wide range of public policy initiatives such as health care, transport...