Policy Library

6,587 documents

Robocall Regulation and Judicial Review
Congressional Research Service · 2019-07-22 · Posts · 1,520 words · PDF available
Robocalls—calls placed using an automatic telephone dialing system or an artificial or prerecorded voice—continue to be one of the most common consumer complaints received by the Federal Communication...
The Legislative Process on the Senate Floor: An Introduction
Congressional Research Service · 2019-07-22 · Reports · 8,798 words · PDF available
The standing rules of the Senate promote deliberation by permitting Senators to debate at length and by precluding a simple majority from ending debate when they are prepared to vote to approve a bill...
H.R. 397 (116th Congress), the Rehabilitation for Multiemployer Pensions Act
Congressional Research Service · 2019-07-19 · Resources · 1,581 words · PDF available
In the 116th Congress, H.R. 397, the Rehabilitation for Multiemployer Pensions Act, would provide financial assistance to financially troubled multiemployer defined benefit (DB) pension plans that mee...
Proposed Rule on Industry-Recognized Apprenticeship Programs
Congressional Research Service · 2019-07-19 · Reports · 2,935 words · PDF available
Regular Vetoes and Pocket Vetoes: In Brief
Congressional Research Service · 2019-07-18 · Reports · 3,414 words · PDF available
The veto power vested in the President by Article I, Section 7 of the Constitution has proven to be an effective tool in the executive branch’s dealings with Congress. In order for a bill to become la...
Bankruptcy and Student Loans
Congressional Research Service · 2019-07-18 · Reports · 35,132 words · PDF available
As overall student loan indebtedness in the United States has increased over the years, many borrowers have found themselves unable to repay their student loans. Ordinarily, declaring bankruptcy is a ...
High Court Strikes Down Provision of Crime of Violence Definition as Unconstitutionally Vague
UPDATE: In June 2019, following the publication of this Sidebar, the Supreme Court in United States v. Davis held that the residual clause of the “crime of violence” definition found in 18 U.S.C. § 92...
The Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative: Background, Impacts, and Selected Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2019-07-16 · Reports · 9,712 words · PDF available
The Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) was the nation’s first mandatory cap-and-trade program for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. RGGI currently involves nine states—Connecticut, Delaware, Main...
An Economic Perspective of Income Share Agreements
Congressional Research Service · 2019-07-15 · Resources · 1,873 words · PDF available
Income Share Agreements (ISAs) have received attention as an alternative to student loans for financing higher education expenses. Purdue University’s “Back a Boiler” program has perhaps received the ...
Federal Highway Traffic Safety Policies: Impacts and Opportunities
Congressional Research Service · 2019-07-12 · Reports · 16,031 words · PDF available
In 2017, 37,133 Americans were killed in crashes involving motor vehicles. Motor vehicle crashes are a leading cause of death for Americans overall, and the number one cause of death for teenagers. Mi...
Spending and Tax Expenditures: Distinctions and Major Programs
Congressional Research Service · 2019-07-09 · Reports · 6,413 words · PDF available
Spending programs and tax expenditures are the two primary ways that the federal government provides benefits to the public. Each type of intervention represents a transfer from the government to indi...
Drug Price Disclosure to Consumers: Current Legal Authority and Considerations for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2019-07-09 · Posts · 3,243 words · PDF available
Update: On July 8, 2019, the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia held that the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) exceeded its statutory authority in promulgating its new rule ...
UPDATE: Sidewalks, Streets, and Tweets: Is Twitter a Public Forum?
Congressional Research Service · 2019-07-09 · Posts · 2,180 words · PDF available
Update: On July 9, 2019, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit issued a decision affirming the trial court’s ruling described below. In its opinion, the appellate court concluded that the P...
Immigration: Alternatives to Detention (ATD) Programs
Congressional Research Service · 2019-07-08 · Reports · 9,220 words · PDF available
Since FY2004, Congress has appropriated funding to the Department of Homeland Security’s (DHS’s) Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) for an Alternatives to Detention (ATD) program to provide sup...
Critical Infrastructure: Emerging Trends and Policy Considerations for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2019-07-08 · Reports · 15,146 words · PDF available
Protection of the nation’s critical infrastructure (CI) against asymmetric physical or cyber threats emerged in the late 1990s as a policy concern, which was then further amplified by the 9/11 terrori...
Partisan Gerrymandering Claims Not Subject to Federal Court Review: Considerations Going Forward
Congressional Research Service · 2019-07-05 · Posts · 2,635 words · PDF available
Partisan gerrymandering, “the drawing of legislative district lines to subordinate adherents of one political party and entrench a rival party in power,” is an issue that has vexed the federal courts ...
Courts Split on Whether Private Individuals Can Sue to Challenge States’ Medicaid Defunding Decisions: Considerations for Congress (Part I of II)
Congressional Research Service · 2019-07-03 · Posts · 2,922 words · PDF available
Last December, the Supreme Court declined to review two cases, Andersen v. Planned Parenthood of Kansas and Gee v. Planned Parenthood of Gulf Coast Inc., in which private litigants challenged their re...
Courts Split on Whether Private Individuals Can Sue to Challenge States’ Medicaid Defunding Decisions: Considerations for Congress (Part II of II)
Congressional Research Service · 2019-07-03 · Posts · 2,745 words · PDF available
As discussed in Part I of this two-part Legal Sidebar, the Supreme Court recently declined to hear two cases, Anderson v. Planned Parenthood of Kansas and Gee v. Planned Parenthood of Gulf Coast Inc.,...
Illicit Drug Flows and Seizures in the United States: What Do We [Not] Know?
Congressional Research Service · 2019-07-03 · Reports · 9,199 words · PDF available
Policy discussions around issues such as border security, drug trafficking, and the opioid epidemic include questions about illicit drug flows into the United States. While there are numerous data poi...
No Oil Producing and Exporting Cartels (NOPEC) Act of 2019
Congressional Research Service · 2019-07-03 · Resources · 1,722 words · PDF available
Since the beginning of the oil industry, there have been multiple periods when a supply manager has influenced production and price levels. Generally, a supply manager has the capacity to adjust produ...
Effects of Buy America on Transportation Infrastructure and U.S. Manufacturing
Congressional Research Service · 2019-07-02 · Reports · 13,465 words · PDF available
In 1978, Congress began placing domestic content restrictions on federally funded transportation projects that are carried out by nonfederal government agencies such as state and local governments. Th...
Congressional Access to the President’s Federal Tax Returns
Congressional Research Service · 2019-07-02 · Posts · 3,203 words · PDF available
UPDATE 7/2/2019: On April 3, 2019, the Chair of the House Ways and Means Committee sent a letter to the Commissioner of the Internal Revenue Service requesting the individual income tax returns of Pre...
Social Security: Select Findings of the 2019 Annual Report
Congressional Research Service · 2019-07-01 · Resources · 1,704 words · PDF available
Social Security is a self-financing program that covers approximately 177 million workers and provides monthly cash benefits to 63 million beneficiaries. Social Security is the federal government’s si...
Trade Dispute with China and Rare Earth Elements
Congressional Research Service · 2019-06-28 · Resources · 1,528 words · PDF available
Background Since 2018, the United States and China have been engaged in a trade dispute resulting from U.S. use of Section 301 provisions (which deals with foreign trade barriers). The dispute has led...
The Opioid Epidemic: Supply Control and Criminal Justice Policy—Frequently Asked Questions
Congressional Research Service · 2019-06-28 · Reports · 15,829 words · PDF available
Over the last several years, lawmakers in the United States have responded to rising drug overdose deaths, which increased four-fold from 1999 to 2017, with a variety of legislation, hearings, and ove...
Long-Term Budgeting within the Congressional Budget Process: In Brief
Congressional Research Service · 2019-06-28 · Reports · 5,367 words · PDF available
Members of Congress, the Administration, and outside groups have expressed concern over long-term projections of deficits and debt levels. The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) has stated that federal...
Biomass: Comparison of Definitions in Legislation
Congressional Research Service · 2019-06-27 · Reports · 5,822 words · PDF available
The use of biomass as an energy feedstock has regularly been presented as a potentially viable alternative to address U.S. energy security concerns, foreign oil dependence, and rural economic developm...
House Rules Changes Affecting Floor Proceedings in the 116th Congress (2019-2020)
Congressional Research Service · 2019-06-27 · Reports · 5,119 words · PDF available
As agreed to in the House, H.Res. 6, a resolution adopting the rules of the House of Representatives, provided amendments to the rules, as well as separate orders, that affect floor procedure in the 1...
Variable Renewable Energy: An Introduction
Congressional Research Service · 2019-06-25 · Resources · 1,494 words · PDF available
Policy options to increase the use of renewable energy sources for electricity generation have drawn congressional interest. Some renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar, have variable supply...
Health Care-Related Expiring Provisions of the 116th Congress, First Session
Congressional Research Service · 2019-06-21 · Reports · 16,645 words · PDF available
This report describes selected health care-related provisions that are scheduled to expire during the first session of the116th Congress (i.e., during calendar year [CY] 2019). For purposes of this re...
Hemp-Derived Cannabidiol (CBD) and Related Hemp Extracts
Congressional Research Service · 2019-06-21 · Resources · 1,538 words · PDF available
Cannabidiol (CBD) is a plant-derived compound from Cannabis sativa, the species of plant that includes both hemp and marijuana, but from different plant varieties or cultivars. CBD is the primary nonp...
Gun Crime Penalty Tossed
Congressional Research Service · 2019-06-20 · Posts · 1,334 words · PDF available
Summary The full United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit (Sixth Circuit) (sitting en banc), in United States v. Havis, recently held that prior attempt convictions do not warrant a felon-...
Fiscal Policy Considerations for the Next Recession
Congressional Research Service · 2019-06-20 · Reports · 9,837 words · PDF available
Although the United States is currently experiencing its longest economic expansion, history has shown that economic expansions inevitably give way to economic slowdowns. If the next slowdown is signi...
Technology Service Providers for Banks
Congressional Research Service · 2019-06-20 · Resources · 1,423 words · PDF available
Surveys suggest that convenience is the primary reason why consumers select a bank or credit union. Features such as mobile and online banking have become an important contributor to consumer satisfac...
Major Features of 529 Plans and Coverdells
Congressional Research Service · 2019-06-20 · Resources · 1,129 words · PDF available
There are two types of tax-advantaged education savings accounts. The first are qualified tuition programs (QTPs), commonly called 529 plans (referring to the section of the tax code that dictates the...
Livestock Mandatory Reporting Act: Overview for Reauthorization in the 116th Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2019-06-19 · Reports · 7,205 words · PDF available
The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS) collects livestock and meat price data and related market information from meat packers under the authority of the Agri...
Land and Water Conservation Fund: Overview, Funding History, and Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2019-06-19 · Reports · 11,473 words · PDF available
The Land and Water Conservation Fund (LWCF) Act of 1965 was enacted to help preserve, develop, and ensure access to outdoor recreation facilities to strengthen the health of U.S. citizens. The law cre...
Exceptions to the Budget Control Act’s Discretionary Spending Limits
Congressional Research Service · 2019-06-19 · Reports · 6,724 words · PDF available
The Budget Control Act of 2011 (BCA; P.L. 112-25) established statutory limits on discretionary spending for FY2012-FY2021. There are currently separate annual limits for defense discretionary and non...
2018 Farm Bill Primer: Support for Local Food Systems
Congressional Research Service · 2019-06-18 · Resources · 1,720 words · PDF available
Over the past decade, food policy in the United States has addressed ongoing shifts in consumer preferences and producer trends that favor local and regional foods. The 2018 farm bill (Agriculture Imp...
The Reauthorization of the Terrorism Risk Insurance Program
Congressional Research Service · 2019-06-18 · Testimony · 7,900 words · PDF available
TRIA Terrorism Risk Insurance Terrorism Insurance TRIA reauthorization Terrorism Risk Insurance reauthorization Terrorism Insurance reauthorization
U.S. Farm Program Eligibility and Payment Limits Under the 2018 Farm Bill (P.L. 115-334)
Congressional Research Service · 2019-06-14 · Reports · 13,930 words · PDF available
Under the Agricultural Improvement Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-334; 2018 farm bill), U.S. farm program participants—whether individuals or multiperson legal entities—must meet specific eligibility requireme...
Extradition of U.S. Citizens
Congressional Research Service · 2019-06-13 · Posts · 1,553 words · PDF available
Introduction The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (Ninth Circuit) recently refused to bar the extradition to the Czech Republic of a U.S. citizen, Ivo Knotek, who challenged his ex...
Advance Appropriations, Forward Funding, and Advance Funding: Concepts, Practice, and Budget Process Considerations
Congressional Research Service · 2019-06-10 · Reports · 15,168 words · PDF available
Funding in annual appropriations acts is for a designated fiscal year unless otherwise specified. Federal agencies that receive funds in those acts may obligate the funds during a period that starts a...
The Fair Debt Collection Practices Act: Legal Framework
Congressional Research Service · 2019-06-10 · Resources · 1,455 words · PDF available
Overview Congress enacted the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA) in 1977 to “eliminate abusive debt collection practices by debt collectors” by rendering particular types of collection activit...
Frequently Asked Questions about the Julian Assange Charges
Congressional Research Service · 2019-06-07 · Posts · 2,737 words · PDF available
UPDATE: On May 23, 2019, a grand jury returned a superseding indictment adding 17 charges against Assange for allegedly violating the Espionage Act. While the new counts arise out of the same underlyi...
The Economic Effects of the 2017 Tax Revision: Preliminary Observations
Congressional Research Service · 2019-06-07 · Reports · 9,311 words · PDF available
The 2017 tax revision, P.L. 115-97, often referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, and referred to subsequently as the Act, substantially revised the U.S. tax system. The Act permanently reduced the ...
FY2019 Supplemental Appropriations for Agriculture
Congressional Research Service · 2019-06-07 · Resources · 1,466 words · PDF available
On June 3, 2019, Congress passed H.R. 2157 (FY2019 supplemental), which authorized supplemental appropriations for new and existing agricultural programs at the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), ...
Congressional Roll Call Votes on the Keystone XL Pipeline
Congressional Research Service · 2019-06-07 · Reports · 9,078 words · PDF available
TransCanada’s proposed Keystone XL Pipeline would transport oil sands crude from Canada and shale oil produced in North Dakota and Montana to a market hub in Nebraska for further delivery to Gulf Coas...
Broadband Deployment: Status and Federal Programs
Congressional Research Service · 2019-06-06 · Resources · 1,271 words · PDF available
Broadband—whether delivered via fiber, cable modem, mobile or fixed wireless, copper wire, or satellite—is increasingly the technology underlying telecommunications services such as voice, video, and ...
Biologics and Biosimilars: Background and Key Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2019-06-06 · Reports · 14,227 words · PDF available
A biological product, or biologic, is a preparation, such as a drug or a vaccine, that is made from living organisms. Compared with conventional chemical drugs, biologics are relatively large and comp...