Policy Library

7,020 documents

State and Local Government Debt and COVID-19
Congressional Research Service · 2020-04-10 · Resources · 1,375 words · PDF available
Debt (often in the form of bonds) represents a promise by the issuer (borrower) to pay interest income to lenders on the principal (the amount of money borrowed) until that principal is repaid. In lig...
Unemployment Insurance Provisions in the CARES Act
Congressional Research Service · 2020-04-09 · Resources · 1,345 words · PDF available
This In Focus summarizes the Unemployment Insurance (UI) provisions in Title II, Subtitle A, of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act; P.L. 116-136; enacted March 27, 2020)...
The CARES Act: Implications for Tribes
Congressional Research Service · 2020-04-09 · Resources · 1,709 words · PDF available
Congress’s third legislative response to the COVID-19 outbreak—the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act—became P.L. 116-136 on March 27, 2020. Much of the CARES Act’s aid and rel...
Bureau of Reclamation Rural Water Projects
Congressional Research Service · 2020-04-07 · Reports · 8,916 words · PDF available
Congress has authorized projects and programs through various federal agencies to address water supply needs. Since 1980, Congress has authorized the Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation), among other a...
COVID-19: Federal Reserve Support for Foreign Central Banks
Congressional Research Service · 2020-04-07 · Resources · 1,683 words · PDF available
As part of the U.S. response to COVID-19, the U.S. Federal Reserve (Fed) has taken steps to ensure that foreign central banks have uninterrupted access to U.S. dollars. First, the Fed established emer...
Federal Prize Competitions
Congressional Research Service · 2020-04-06 · Reports · 7,554 words · PDF available
Prize competitions are a tool for incentivizing the achievement of scientific and technological innovation by offering monetary and nonmonetary benefits (e.g., recognition) to competition participants...
State Broadband Initiatives: Selected State and Local Approaches as Potential Models for Federal Initiatives to Address the Digital Divide
Congressional Research Service · 2020-04-06 · Reports · 8,878 words · PDF available
Access to high-speed internet, known as broadband, is becoming increasingly essential to daily life as more applications and activities move online. This has become particularly apparent during the co...
Webcasting in the Time of COVID-19: Copyright Implications of Remote Worship & Distance Learning
Congressional Research Service · 2020-04-03 · Posts · 2,128 words · PDF available
Unauthorized public performance or display of a copyrighted work generally gives rise to liability for copyright infringement; however, current law exempts certain activities from infringement when pe...
Federal Conspiracy Law: A Brief Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2020-04-03 · Reports · 18,096 words · PDF available
Zacarias Moussaoui, members of the Colombian drug cartels, members of organized crime, and some of the former Enron executives have at least one thing in common: they all have federal conspiracy convi...
Multiemployer Defined Benefit (DB) Pension Plans: A Primer
Congressional Research Service · 2020-04-03 · Reports · 14,747 words · PDF available
Multiemployer defined benefit (DB) pension plans are private-sector pensions sponsored by more than one employer and maintained as part of a collective bargaining agreement. In 2017, about 3% of all D...
Watching the Watchers: A Comparison of Privacy Bills in the 116th Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2020-04-03 · Posts · 2,077 words · PDF available
As a growing number of states enact or consider consumer privacy protection measures, many in Congress are pushing for a comprehensive federal consumer privacy framework. In 2019, both the Senate Comm...
Bureau of Reclamation: History, Authorities, and Issues for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2020-04-03 · Reports · 12,153 words · PDF available
The Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation), an agency within the Department of the Interior (DOI), is responsible for the management and development of many of the large federal dams and water diversion ...
The Religious Freedom Restoration Act: A Primer
Congressional Research Service · 2020-04-03 · Resources · 1,792 words · PDF available
The Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993 (RFRA) establishes rights beyond those protections afforded by the Constitution’s free exercise clause by creating a heightened standard of review for gov...
Direct Federal Support of Individuals Pursuing Training and Education in Nondegree Programs
Congressional Research Service · 2020-04-03 · Reports · 25,244 words · PDF available
Recent Administrations and Congress have demonstrated bipartisan support for increasing federal assistance to individuals pursuing training and education in postsecondary non-degree programs, sometime...
Federal Conspiracy Law: An Abbreviated Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2020-04-03 · Reports · 6,011 words
Zacarias Moussaoui, members of the Colombian drug cartels, members of organized crime, and some of the former Enron executives have at least one thing in common: they all have federal conspiracy convi...
Free Speech on College Campuses: Considerations for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2020-04-02 · Posts · 2,315 words · PDF available
The extent to which colleges and universities are regulating free expression on their campuses has been an issue of legal debate in recent years, with some contending that a large percentage of colleg...
Title IV Provisions of the CARES Act (P.L. 116-136)
Congressional Research Service · 2020-04-02 · Reports · 7,164 words · PDF available
Economic conditions have deteriorated rapidly in the past few weeks, as the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused many businesses and public institutions to limit or close their oper...
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Water Infrastructure Programs and FY2020 Appropriations
Congressional Research Service · 2020-04-02 · Resources · 1,578 words · PDF available
The condition of the nation’s drinking water and wastewater infrastructure and associated financing challenges are perennial subjects of debate and attention in Congress. Among others, challenges incl...
The Families First Coronavirus Response Act Leave Provisions
Congressional Research Service · 2020-04-02 · Resources · 1,780 words · PDF available
This In Focus examines the Families First Coronavirus Response Act (FFCRA; P.L. 116-127) leave provisions, as amended by the CARES Act (P.L. 116-136), and regulations published by the Department of La...
Retirement and Pension Provisions in the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act)
Congressional Research Service · 2020-04-01 · Resources · 1,636 words · PDF available
Congress provides a variety of tax incentives for employers to offer retirement plans and for individuals to save for their retirement. In addition, a number of restrictions exist to ensure that retir...
COVID-19: International Trade and Access to Pharmaceutical Products
Congressional Research Service · 2020-03-30 · Posts · 1,697 words · PDF available
As the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic continues, governments and the private sector have begun assessing the possibility of developing medical countermeasures (e.g., vaccines, antiviral treat...
Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) Safe Harbor Provisions for Online Service Providers: A Legal Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2020-03-30 · Resources · 1,731 words · PDF available
In 1998, Congress enacted the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), Pub. L. No. 105-304, to usher copyright law into the digital era. The ease and efficiency of digital copying and distribution see...
The Courts and COVID-19
Congressional Research Service · 2020-03-30 · Posts · 2,255 words · PDF available
The spread of the respiratory disease COVID-19 has prompted far-reaching responses affecting many areas of American life. As Americans strive to practice social distancing to limit the spread of the n...
Federal Reserve: Emergency Lending
Congressional Research Service · 2020-03-27 · Reports · 18,885 words · PDF available
The 2007-2009 financial crisis led the Federal Reserve (Fed) to revive an obscure provision found in Section 13(3) of the Federal Reserve Act (12 U.S.C. §343) to extend credit to nonbank financial fir...
COVID-19: Response of the Oil and Gas Pipelines Sector
Congressional Research Service · 2020-03-27 · Resources · 1,591 words · PDF available
The spread of the novel coronavirus and the measures put in place to control it are impacting U.S. oil and natural gas pipelines—a critical infrastructure sector. Pipelines are essential not only in p...
COVID-19 Response: Constitutional Protections for Private Property
Congressional Research Service · 2020-03-27 · Posts · 2,712 words · PDF available
As communities respond to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the interests of governments and property owners may clash. Governments have an interest in controlling spread of the diseas...
Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) Processing Changes Due to COVID-19: In Brief
Congressional Research Service · 2020-03-27 · Reports · 2,973 words · PDF available
As federal agencies adjust their operations in light of the COVID-19 pandemic, activities related to the processing and release of government information are also changing. Agencies such as the Federa...
Voting and Quorum Procedures in the Senate
Congressional Research Service · 2020-03-26 · Reports · 6,734 words · PDF available
The Constitution states that “a Majority of each [House] shall constitute a quorum to do business.” The Senate presumes that it is complying with this requirement and that a quorum is always present u...
Cloud Computing: Background, Status of Adoption by Federal Agencies, and Congressional Action
Congressional Research Service · 2020-03-25 · Reports · 5,371 words · PDF available
Cloud computing is a new name for an old concept: the delivery of computing services from a remote location, analogous to the way electricity, water, and other utilities are provided to most customers...
Section 1135 Waivers and COVID-19: An Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2020-03-25 · Posts · 1,016 words · PDF available
In response to the novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak in the United States, both Congress and the Trump Administration have acted to confront the challenges of providing health care to sick patient...
Babb v. Wilkie: The Age Discrimination in Employment Act and Mixed Motives
Congressional Research Service · 2020-03-25 · Posts · 2,286 words · PDF available
Can a federal employee claim age discrimination whenever age bias is one factor in an employment decision, or must she show that the employer would have made a different decision but for her age? The ...
Resolving Subpoena Disputes Between the Branches: Potential Impacts of Restricting the Judicial Role
Congressional Research Service · 2020-03-25 · Posts · 3,489 words · PDF available
An en banc panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (D.C. Circuit) is set to consider what could turn out to be one of the circuit’s more consequential decisions on cong...
Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2020 (P.L. 116123): First Coronavirus Supplemental
Congressional Research Service · 2020-03-25 · Reports · 5,659 words · PDF available
In the early months of 2020, the federal government began to express concern over the global outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). COVID-19 is a viral respiratory illness caused by a novel ...
Congressional Use of Advisory Commissions Following Crises
Congressional Research Service · 2020-03-25 · Resources · 1,380 words · PDF available
Throughout U.S. history, Congress has used advisory commissions to assist in the development of public policy. Among other contexts, commissions have been used following crisis situations, including t...
Department of Veterans Affairs: Caregiver Support
Congressional Research Service · 2020-03-24 · Reports · 12,039 words · PDF available
The conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan have presented a new challenge for the United States as servicemembers returned from combat with serious injuries that may have been fatal in previous conflicts. ...
COVID-19 and Federal Procurement Contracts
Congressional Research Service · 2020-03-24 · Posts · 1,729 words · PDF available
The COVID-19 pandemic and related mandates and recommendations to practice social distancing, work from home, shelter in place, and self-quarantine impact government contracts by disrupting supply ch...
COVID-19: Legal Considerations for Bringing a New Vaccine to Market
Congressional Research Service · 2020-03-24 · Posts · 2,792 words · PDF available
As the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases increases at an accelerating rate, interest has grown in developing a COVID-19 vaccine as an avenue for addressing the pandemic. Media reports indicate that a...
Money Market Mutual Funds: A Financial Stability Case Study
Congressional Research Service · 2020-03-24 · Resources · 1,652 words · PDF available
A money market mutual fund (MMF) is a mutual fund that under Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Rule 2a-7 can invest only in high-quality, short-term debt securities, such as U.S. Treasury bills...
Judges Urge Congress to Revise What Can Be Patented
Congressional Research Service · 2020-03-23 · Posts · 2,507 words · PDF available
UPDATE (March 23, 2020): On January 13, 2020, the Supreme Court denied the petition for a writ of certiorari in Athena Diagnostics, Inc. v. Mayo Collaborative Services. Accordingly, the Supreme Court ...
Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2020
Congressional Research Service · 2020-03-20 · Reports · 34,550 words · PDF available
President Trump’s budget request for FY2020 included approximately $134.1 billion for research and development (R&D). Several FY2019 appropriations bills had not been enacted at the time the President...
Postponing Federal Elections and the COVID-19 Pandemic: Legal Considerations
Congressional Research Service · 2020-03-20 · Posts · 1,667 words · PDF available
On March 13, 2020, Louisiana’s Governor invoked emergency powers to announce that the state’s presidential primary election, previously scheduled for April 4, would be postponed for more than two mont...
The Cyberspace Solarium Commission: Illuminating Options for Layered Deterrence
Congressional Research Service · 2020-03-20 · Resources · 1,189 words · PDF available
In August 2018, Congress authorized the Cyberspace Solarium Commission (Commission), a blue-ribbon panel tasked with examining and developing a strategic approach to defending the United States in cyb...
Federal Assistance to Troubled Industries: Selected Examples
Congressional Research Service · 2020-03-19 · Reports · 13,704 words · PDF available
Serious disruptions for certain industries caused by the COVID-19 (coronavirus) pandemic have led to calls for federal government assistance to affected industries. Direct federal financial assistance...
Federal Executive Agencies: Hiring Flexibilities for Emergency Situations
Congressional Research Service · 2020-03-19 · Resources · 1,640 words · PDF available
On January 31, 2020, Secretary of Health and Human Services Alex Azar declared a public health emergency for the United States in response to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). To assist the federal...
The Hours of Service (HOS) Rule for Commercial Truck Drivers and the Electronic Logging Device (ELD) Mandate
Congressional Research Service · 2020-03-18 · Reports · 10,411 words · PDF available
In response to the COVID-19 outbreak, on March 13, 2020, the Department of Transportation (DOT) issued a national emergency declaration to exempt from the Hours of Service (HOS) rule through April 12,...
Supreme Court Grants Stay in MPP Case
Congressional Research Service · 2020-03-18 · Posts · 4,027 words · PDF available
On March 11, 2020, the Supreme Court issued an order in Wolf v. Innovation Law Lab allowing the Trump Administration to continue enforcing its Migrant Protection Protocols (MPP)—also known as the “Rem...
COVID-19 Medical Countermeasures: Intellectual Property and Affordability
Congressional Research Service · 2020-03-18 · Posts · 2,599 words · PDF available
Federal agencies and private industry have begun efforts to develop and test medical countermeasures (such as antiviral treatments and vaccines) to combat COVID-19, the disease caused by the novel cor...
Music Licensing: The ASCAP and BMI Consent Decrees
Congressional Research Service · 2020-03-17 · Resources · 1,704 words · PDF available
On June 5, 2019, the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) announced that it was opening a review of two consent decrees that play a critical role in the music industry. The decrees regulate the copyright ...
Telework in Executive Agencies: Background, OPM Guidance, and 116th Congress Legislation Following Coronavirus
Congressional Research Service · 2020-03-16 · Resources · 1,634 words · PDF available
Background The Telework Enhancement Act of 2010, enacted on December 9, 2010 (P.L. 111-292, 124 Stat. 3165), and codified at Chapter 65 of Title 5 of the United States Code, authorizes telework in exe...
Business Tax Provisions Expiring in 2020, 2021, and 2022 (“Tax Extenders”)
Congressional Research Service · 2020-03-13 · Reports · 10,377 words · PDF available
Thirteen temporary business tax provisions are scheduled to expire at the end of 2020. Four other temporary business tax provisions are scheduled to expire in 2021 or 2022. In the past, Congress has r...