Policy Library

6,587 documents

The SUPPORT for Patients and Communities Act (P.L. 115-271): Food and Drug Administration and Controlled Substance Provisions
Congressional Research Service · 2018-11-15 · Reports · 15,288 words · PDF available
On October 24, 2018, President Trump signed into law H.R. 6, the Substance Use-Disorder Prevention that Promotes Opioid Recovery and Treatment for Patients and Communities Act (P.L. 115-271; the SUPPO...
Senate Rules Affecting Committees
Congressional Research Service · 2018-11-15 · Reports · 4,178 words · PDF available
The Senate imposes some general procedural requirements and prohibitions on its committees, but, in general, the Senate’s rules allow each of its standing committees to decide how to conduct business....
Types of Committee Hearings
Congressional Research Service · 2018-11-15 · Reports · 1,295 words · PDF available
Congressional committee hearings may be broadly classified into four types: legislative, oversight, investigative, and confirmation. Hearings may be held on Capitol Hill or elsewhere (e.g., a committe...
DACA: Litigation Status Update
This Legal Sidebar provides a status update for various lawsuits concerning the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals initiative (DACA) and the decision by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) t...
Supersonic Passenger Flights
Congressional Research Service · 2018-11-14 · Reports · 7,474 words · PDF available
It has been over 40 years since British Airways’ first Concorde passenger flight took off in 1976. So far the Concorde is the only commercial supersonic passenger aircraft to travel at more than twice...
Lame Duck Sessions of Congress Following a Majority-Changing Election: In Brief
Congressional Research Service · 2018-11-13 · Reports · 2,406 words · PDF available
“Lame duck” sessions of Congress take place whenever one Congress meets after its successor is elected but before the term of the current Congress ends. Their primary purpose is to complete action on ...
No Oil Producing and Exporting Cartels (NOPEC) Act of 2018
Congressional Research Service · 2018-11-07 · Resources · 1,681 words
Since the beginning of the oil industry, there have been multiple periods when a supply manager has influenced production and price levels. Generally, a supply manager has the capacity to adjust produ...
Impact Aid, Title VII of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act: A Primer
Congressional Research Service · 2018-11-07 · Reports · 14,558 words · PDF available
The Impact Aid program, administered by the U.S. Department of Education (ED) and authorized by Title VII of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), was originally established in 1950 by P....
The Posse Comitatus Act and Related Matters: The Use of the Military to Execute Civilian Law
Congressional Research Service · 2018-11-06 · Reports · 51,348 words · PDF available
The Constitution permits Congress to authorize the use of the militia “to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions.” And it guarantees the states protection against in...
The Posse Comitatus Act and Related Matters: A Sketch
Congressional Research Service · 2018-11-06 · Reports · 3,637 words
The Posse Comitatus Act states that “Whoever, except in cases and under circumstances expressly authorized by the Constitution or Act of Congress, willfully uses any part of the Army or the Air Force ...
Robbery, Extortion, and Bribery in One Place: A Legal Overview of the Hobbs Act
Congressional Research Service · 2018-11-06 · Reports · 10,096 words · PDF available
The Hobbs Act proscribes obstructing commerce by means of robbery or extortion or attempting or conspiring to do so. The Act applies to individuals and legal entities alike. It permits prosecutions, a...
Guide to Individuals Seated on the House Dais
Congressional Research Service · 2018-11-05 · Reports · 1,321 words · PDF available
The House of Representatives meets in the House chamber of the Capitol. In the front of the chamber is a three-tiered, elevated dais. Seated or standing at a sizable lectern (the height of which is ad...
Guide to Individuals Seated on the Senate Dais
Congressional Research Service · 2018-11-05 · Reports · 1,028 words · PDF available
The Senate meets in the Senate chamber of the Capitol. Seated at the head of the chamber on the top of a two-tiered dais is the presiding officer. Members are assigned to the 100 desks that are arrang...
Party Leaders in the House: Election, Duties, and Responsibilities
Congressional Research Service · 2018-11-05 · Reports · 1,369 words · PDF available
Each major party in the House has a leadership hierarchy. This report summarizes the election, duties, and responsibilities of the Speaker of the House, the majority and minority leaders, and the whip...
National and International Educational Assessments: Overview, Results, and Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2018-11-02 · Reports · 19,771 words · PDF available
U.S. students participate in many assessments to track their educational achievement. Perhaps the most widely discussed of these are statewide assessments required by the Elementary and Secondary Educ...
National and International Educational Assessments
Congressional Research Service · 2018-11-02 · Resources · 1,597 words
Assessing the academic achievement of students in elementary and secondary schools and the nation’s overall educational progress is fundamental to informing education policy approaches. Congressional ...
VA Maintaining Internal Systems and Strengthening Integrated Outside Networks Act of 2018 (VA MISSION Act; P.L.115-182)
Congressional Research Service · 2018-11-01 · Reports · 32,280 words · PDF available
On June 6, 2018, the John S. McCain III, Daniel K. Akaka, and Samuel R. Johnson VA Maintaining Internal Systems and Strengthening Integrated Outside Networks Act of 2018, or the VA MISSION Act of 2018...
California Dreamin’ of Privacy Regulation: The California Consumer Privacy Act and Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2018-11-01 · Posts · 2,706 words · PDF available
On June 28, 2018, with subsequent minor amendments, the State of California enacted the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), a law that generally restricts certain businesses’ ability to collect an...
Natural Gas Liquids: The Unknown Hydrocarbons
Congressional Research Service · 2018-10-26 · Reports · 7,276 words · PDF available
The U.S. oil and natural gas industries have gone through a “renaissance” of production. Technological improvements in hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling have unlocked enormous oil and natur...
Invasive Species: A Brief Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2018-10-26 · Resources · 1,139 words · PDF available
An invasive species is a nonnative (also known as an alien) species that does or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health. The human-mediated spread of species has occ...
What Legal Obligations do Internet Companies Have to Prevent and Respond to a Data Breach?
Recently, large Internet companies—i.e., companies that do most of their business on the Internet, such as social media platforms or search engines—have made headlines after failing to secure their us...
Regulation of Cell-Cultured Meat
Congressional Research Service · 2018-10-25 · Resources · 1,608 words
Cell-cultured meat (also referred to as lab-grown meat, clean meat, in vitro meat, imitation meat, synthetic meat, and fake meat) is grown in laboratories from animal cell-cultures (Figure 1). A numbe...
Donor Disclosure: 501(c) Groups and Campaign Spending
Congressional Research Service · 2018-10-18 · Resources · 1,590 words
Introduction Independent spending in a 2012 Senate race, which resulted in a recently decided court case, CREW v. FEC, exemplifies a long-running policy debate about which contributions to politically...
Financial Innovation: Digital Assets and Initial Coin Offerings
Congressional Research Service · 2018-10-17 · Resources · 1,627 words
This In Focus provides an overview of policy issues regarding “digital assets” in the capital markets. Digital assets (often referred to as “crypto assets,” among other terminology) are digital repres...
The Music Modernization Act: Extending Copyright Protection to Pre-1972 Sound Recordings
UPDATE: On October 11, 2018, President Trump signed the Orrin G. Hatch-Bob Goodlatte Music Modernization Act (H.R. 1551) (the MMA) into law. The final bill reflects a compromise reached in the Senate ...
Building the Fleets of the Future: Coast Guard and NOAA Fleet Recapitalization
Congressional Research Service · 2018-10-11 · Testimony · 11,219 words
Coast Guard, NOAA, fleet, ship, shipbuilding, recapitalization, acquisition, procurement, budget
House Passes Bill to Amend the Federal “Crime of Violence” Definition
Recently the House passed the Community Safety and Security Act of 2018 (CSSA), which would amend the federal “crime of violence” (COV) definition found at 18 U.S.C. § 16. Many federal statutes incorp...
Banking: Current Expected Credit Loss (CECL)
Congressional Research Service · 2018-10-09 · Reports · 8,993 words · PDF available
Some observers asserted that leading up to the financial crisis of 2007-2009 banks did not have sufficient credit loss reserves or capital to absorb the resulting losses and as a consequence supported...
The Federal Role in Railroad Bridge Safety
Congressional Research Service · 2018-10-05 · Resources · 1,792 words
Railroad bridges carry heavy and potentially dangerous loads over busy roadways and important waterways. Many of these bridges are a century old or more. For example, the Metropolis and Sciotoville br...
Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF): Overview, Issues, and Legislation
Congressional Research Service · 2018-10-02 · Reports · 12,296 words
The state of the nation’s water infrastructure and the challenges many communities face in addressing infrastructure needs continue to receive congressional attention. In 1996, Congress authorized the...
Selected Legal Tools for Maintaining Government Contractor Accountability
Congressional Research Service · 2018-09-26 · Reports · 15,387 words · PDF available
Federal procurement statutes and the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) establish largely uniform policies and procedures applicable to government contracts “to deliver on a timely basis the best va...
Dairy Revenue Protection Insurance
Congressional Research Service · 2018-09-20 · Resources · 1,678 words
Background In recent years, dairy farmers have experienced low milk prices. From 2015 to the present, milk prices received by dairy farmers have averaged 20% lower than the relatively high price perio...
Supreme Court October Term 2017: A Review of Selected Major Rulings
Congressional Research Service · 2018-09-19 · Reports · 21,184 words · PDF available
On October 2, 2017, the Supreme Court began one of the most notable terms in recent memory. The latest term of the Court was the first full term for Justice Neil Gorsuch, who succeeded Justice Antonin...
Long-Tenured Displaced Workers
Congressional Research Service · 2018-09-19 · Resources · 1,435 words
Job separations are a part of most workers’ careers. Some workers leave jobs to pursue other opportunities; others are fired for poor performance or because they are otherwise not a good fit. In some...
The “Flores Settlement” and Alien Families Apprehended at the U.S. Border: Frequently Asked Questions
Congressional Research Service · 2018-09-17 · Reports · 11,499 words · PDF available
Reports of alien minors being separated from their parents at the U.S. border have raised questions about the Department of Homeland Security’s (DHS’s) authority to detain alien families together pend...
Costs of Government Interventions in Response to the Financial Crisis: A Retrospective
Congressional Research Service · 2018-09-12 · Reports · 19,781 words · PDF available
In August 2007, asset-backed securities (ABS), particularly those backed by subprime mortgages, suddenly became illiquid and fell sharply in value as an unprecedented housing boom turned into a housin...
Will courts clarify the implied false certification theory? Ninth Circuit holds that the Supreme Court established a mandatory test, but the issue remains unsettled
On August 24, 2018, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit became the latest circuit court to weigh in on one of the most disputed areas of False Claims Act (“FCA”) jurisprudence—the implied ...
Proposed Reorganization of U.S. Federal Food Safety Agencies
Congressional Research Service · 2018-09-07 · Resources · 1,722 words
The Trump Administration is proposing to consolidate the federal government’s primary food safety functions into a single federal agency based in the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). This propos...
UPDATED: Déjà Vu All Over Again: States Renew Constitutional Challenge to the ACA’s Individual Mandate
UPDATE: Oral arguments in this case are scheduled for September 5, 2018, in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Texas. Parties before the court include the state plaintiffs, the U.S. ...
Naming of House and Senate Office Buildings and Rooms: Brief Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2018-09-04 · Resources · 1,014 words
Various procedures have been used to designate the names of House and Senate office buildings, as well as of rooms and spaces within the Capitol Complex. The set of procedures used has varied dependi...
Overview of Programs Supporting Minority-Serving Institutions Under the Higher Education Act
Congressional Research Service · 2018-08-27 · Resources · 1,467 words · PDF available
What Are Minority Serving Institutions? Minority-serving institutions (MSIs) are institutions of higher education (IHEs) that serve high concentrations of minority students. MSIs tend to have relative...
Loan Sharking Isn’t a Violent Crime?
The term “loan shark” conjures up images of usurious loans and violent collection methods. Nevertheless, the federal crime of loan sharking does not qualify as a violent felony under the Armed Career ...
Federal Management of Saltwater Recreational Fisheries
Congressional Research Service · 2018-08-17 · Resources · 1,566 words · PDF available
Federal management of saltwater recreational fishing by the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) has received increasing attention from Congress. Many constituents have expressed concerns with the...
Medicare Coverage of End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD)
Congressional Research Service · 2018-08-16 · Reports · 12,349 words · PDF available
End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is the last stage of chronic kidney disease (CKD), which is the gradual decrease of kidney function over time. Individuals with ESRD have substantial and permanent loss ...
The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC): An Economic Analysis
Congressional Research Service · 2018-08-13 · Reports · 18,584 words · PDF available
The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) is a refundable tax credit available to eligible workers earning relatively low wages. The EITC, enacted more than 40 years ago, has evolved from a relatively modes...
Emergency Use Authorization and FDA’s Related Authorities
Congressional Research Service · 2018-08-13 · Resources · 1,522 words · PDF available
Under most circumstances, drugs, medical devices, and biologics may only be introduced into interstate commerce if they have been approved, cleared, or licensed by the Food and Drug Administration (FD...
Buy America and the Electric Bus Market
Congressional Research Service · 2018-08-06 · Resources · 1,493 words
Buy America requirements are an integral aspect of federal transportation funding. In a series of statutes, Congress has required that federally funded highway, public transportation, aviation, and in...
Gas Exporting Countries Forum (GECF): Cartel Lite?
Congressional Research Service · 2018-08-02 · Resources · 1,627 words
Background on the GECF From 2013 and 2017, global natural gas production and consumption grew about 9%. However, as part of the overall fuel mix, which rose 5%, the contribution of natural gas has dec...
Seed Cotton as a Farm Program Crop: In Brief
Congressional Research Service · 2018-08-01 · Reports · 7,197 words · PDF available
The Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-123; BBA), signed into law on February 9, 2018, included a provision—Section 60101(a)—which amended the 2014 farm bill (P.L. 113-79) to add seed cotton as a...
China-U.S. Trade Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2018-07-30 · Reports · 39,769 words · PDF available
U.S.-China economic ties have expanded substantially since China began reforming its economy and liberalizing its trade regime in the late 1970s. Total U.S.-China merchandise trade rose from $2 billio...