Policy Library

7,020 documents

Overview of Federal Housing Assistance Programs and Policy
Congressional Research Service · 2019-03-27 · Reports · 21,065 words
The federal government has been involved in providing housing assistance to lower-income households since the 1930s. In the beginning, the federal government played a role in supporting the mortgage m...
Runaway and Homeless Youth: Demographics and Programs
Congressional Research Service · 2019-03-26 · Reports · 13,518 words · PDF available
This report discusses runaway and homeless youth, and the federal response to support this population. There is no single definition of the terms “runaway youth” or “homeless youth.” However, both gro...
Veto Override Procedure in the House and Senate
Congressional Research Service · 2019-03-26 · Reports · 2,263 words · PDF available
A bill or joint resolution that has been vetoed by the President can become law if two-thirds of the Members voting in the House and the Senate each agree to pass it over the President’s objection. Th...
Categories of Federal Civil Service Employment: A Snapshot
Congressional Research Service · 2019-03-26 · Reports · 6,210 words · PDF available
According to the Office of Personnel Management (OPM), the federal workforce consists of an estimated two million civilian employees. Federal law categorizes these employees into three types of servic...
Federal Support for Runaway and Homeless Youth
Congressional Research Service · 2019-03-26 · Resources · 1,757 words · PDF available
Since the 1970s, the federal government has funded shelter and services for homeless youth unaccompanied by their parents, including youth who run away from home. This brief discusses these and other ...
The Joint Select Committee on Budget and Appropriations Process Reform
Congressional Research Service · 2019-03-26 · Reports · 3,058 words · PDF available
The Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-123), signed into law on February 9, 2018, created a joint select committee of the House and Senate. The Joint Select Committee on Budget and Appropriations...
Continuing Legal Education: What’s Required and Opportunities for Members and Staff to Satisfy Those Requirements
As members of the self-regulated legal profession, attorneys are required, under the rules of their state bars, to maintain competence in their legal knowledge and skill. These rules apply to preserve...
Delegation of Federal Aviation Administration Certification Authorities to Aviation Manufacturers
Congressional Research Service · 2019-03-25 · Resources · 1,533 words · PDF available
The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) certifies pilots, aircraft, and aircraft components, as well as airlines and charter flight operators. It requires that aircraft and component design specific...
Merit Systems Protection Board (MSPB): A Legal Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2019-03-25 · Reports · 10,208 words · PDF available
The Merit Systems Protection Board (MSPB or Board) is a quasi-judicial independent agency in the executive branch charged with protecting federal employees against improper employment-related actions....
Data Protection Law: An Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2019-03-25 · Reports · 46,980 words · PDF available
Recent high-profile data breaches and other concerns about how third parties protect the privacy of individuals in the digital age have raised national concerns over legal protections of Americans’ el...
Foreign Money and U.S. Campaign Finance Policy
Congressional Research Service · 2019-03-25 · Resources · 1,640 words
Introduction Federal campaign finance law and regulation prohibits foreign money in U.S. elections. The public record reveals little evidence that foreign money has intruded into U.S. campaigns system...
Attaching a Price to Greenhouse Gas Emissions with a Carbon Tax or Emissions Fee: Considerations and Potential Impacts
Congressional Research Service · 2019-03-22 · Reports · 18,938 words · PDF available
The U.S. Fourth National Climate Assessment, released in 2018, concluded that “the impacts of global climate change are already being felt in the United States and are projected to intensify in the fu...
Defining Hemp: A Fact Sheet
Congressional Research Service · 2019-03-22 · Reports · 5,177 words · PDF available
Botanically, hemp and marijuana are from the same species of plant, Cannabis sativa. However, hemp and marijuana are genetically distinct forms of cannabis that are distinguished by their use and chem...
Older Americans Act: Senior Community Service Employment Program
Congressional Research Service · 2019-03-21 · Reports · 3,438 words · PDF available
The Senior Community Service Employment Program (SCSEP) authorizes the Department of Labor (DOL) to make grants to support part-time community service employment opportunities for eligible individuals...
International Trophy Hunting
Congressional Research Service · 2019-03-20 · Reports · 15,955 words · PDF available
International trophy hunting is a multinational, multimillion-dollar industry practiced throughout the world. Trophy hunting is broadly defined as the killing of animals for recreation with the purpos...
VAWA Reauthorization: Substantive Criminal Law Proposals
Congressional Research Service · 2019-03-20 · Posts · 1,018 words · PDF available
The authorization of appropriations for the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) expired at the end of FY 2018. The House Judiciary Committee has voted out an amendment in the nature of a substitute of ...
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA): FY2019 Budget Request and Appropriations
Congressional Research Service · 2019-03-20 · Resources · 1,299 words · PDF available
The mission of the Department of Commerce (DOC) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is to understand and predict changes in weather, climate, oceans, and coasts; to share that infor...
Federal District Court Enjoins the Department of Homeland Security from Terminating Temporary Protected Status
Congressional Research Service · 2019-03-18 · Posts · 2,429 words · PDF available
Update: In February 2019, several months after this Sidebar was originally published, a lawsuit was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California, challenging the Department...
Supreme Court Once Again Considers Partisan Gerrymandering: Implications and Legislative Options
Is there a standard for determining whether a redistricting map is an unconstitutional partisan gerrymander? Or, do claims of partisan gerrymandering raise political questions that lie beyond the juri...
Online Political Advertising: Disclaimers and Policy Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2019-03-18 · Resources · 1,610 words
Introduction and Background How campaign finance law and regulation affect online political ads illustrates the challenge of incorporating emerging technologies into preexisting regulatory frameworks....
Financing Airport Improvements
Congressional Research Service · 2019-03-15 · Reports · 13,500 words · PDF available
There are five major sources of airport capital development funding: the federal Airport Improvement Program (AIP); local passenger facility charges (PFCs) imposed pursuant to federal law; tax-exempt ...
Huawei v. United States: The Bill of Attainder Clause and Huawei’s Lawsuit Against the United States
Congressional Research Service · 2019-03-14 · Posts · 2,647 words · PDF available
On March 6, 2019, Chinese electronics manufacturing and telecommunications giant Huawei Technologies Co. (Huawei) filed a lawsuit against the United States, challenging the constitutionality of a law ...
Special Counsel Investigations: History, Authority, Appointment and Removal
Congressional Research Service · 2019-03-13 · Reports · 21,889 words · PDF available
The Constitution vests Congress with the legislative power, which includes authority to establish federal agencies and conduct oversight of those entities. Criminal investigations and prosecutions, ho...
Opioid Use and Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome
Congressional Research Service · 2019-03-12 · Resources · 1,612 words · PDF available
The prevalence of opioid use disorder (OUD)—problematic opioid use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress—among pregnant women has gradually increased as the nation’s opioid epidemic...
History and Enforcement of the Voting Rights Act of 1965
Congressional Research Service · 2019-03-12 · Testimony · 4,249 words · PDF available
Voting Rights Act, VRA, Supreme Court, Fourteenth Amendment, Fifteenth Amendment, voting, elections, coverage formula, Shelby County v. Holder, preclearance requirement, redistricting
2018 Farm Bill Primer: Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018
Congressional Research Service · 2019-03-08 · Resources · 1,246 words · PDF available
The farm bill is an omnibus, multiyear law that governs an array of agricultural and food programs. It provides an opportunity for policymakers to comprehensively and periodically address agricultural...
UPDATED: District Court Strikes the Individual Mandate and Declares the Affordable Care Act Invalid: What Happened and What Lies Ahead?
UPDATE 3/7/2019: In December 2018, the district court in Texas v. United States issued a partial final order and stayed its judgment pending appeal. The Department of Justice and the intervening state...
District of Columbia Opportunity Scholarship Program (DC OSP): Overview, Implementation, and Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2019-03-07 · Reports · 27,668 words · PDF available
The District of Columbia Opportunity Scholarship Program (DC OSP) is the only federally funded voucher program for elementary and secondary education. It operates exclusively in the District of Columb...
UPDATE: Will the FTC Need to Rethink its Enforcement Playbook? Third Circuit Considers FTC’s Ability to Sue Based on Past Conduct
UPDATE: On February 25, 2019, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit (Third Circuit) affirmed the district court’s judgment in the case FTC v. Shire ViroPharma, Inc. The Third Circuit explain...
Justice Department Reverses Stand on Gambling Statute
In January, Deputy Attorney General Rod J. Rosenstein announced that the Justice Department’s Office of Legal Counsel (OLC) had determined that a federal gambling statute, the so-called Wire Act, appl...
Funding for EPA Water Infrastructure: A Fact Sheet
Congressional Research Service · 2019-03-06 · Reports · 1,655 words · PDF available
Federal funding to assist communities with capital projects to meet the water-related goals and requirements of federal laws has been provided through programs in the Clean Water Act (CWA) and the Saf...
Evolution of the Meaning of “Waters of the United States” in the Clean Water Act
Congressional Research Service · 2019-03-05 · Reports · 21,899 words · PDF available
For more than forty-five years, all three branches of government have struggled with how to interpret the meaning of “waters of the United States” in the Clean Water Act. In a shift from early water p...
The President’s Authority to Withdraw the United States from the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Without Further Congressional Action
Congressional Research Service · 2019-03-05 · Reports · 13,912 words · PDF available
NAFTA is an international trade agreement among the United States, Canada, and Mexico that became effective on January 1, 1994. The agreement includes market-opening provisions that remove tariff and ...
The State and Local Role in Election Administration: Duties and Structures
Congressional Research Service · 2019-03-04 · Reports · 12,571 words
The administration of elections in the United States is highly decentralized. Elections are primarily administered by thousands of state and local systems rather than a single, unified national system...
Grazing Fees: Overview and Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2019-03-04 · Reports · 7,182 words · PDF available
Charging fees for grazing private livestock on federal lands is a long-standing but contentious practice. Generally, livestock producers who use federal lands want to keep fees low, whereas conservati...
Changes to House Rules Affecting the Congressional Budget Process Included in H.Res. 6 (116th Congress)
Congressional Research Service · 2019-03-04 · Reports · 3,402 words · PDF available
On January 3, 2019, the House adopted Title I of H.Res. 6, the standing rules for the House of Representatives for the 116th Congress. In addition to the standing rules, H.Res. 6 included a separate o...
Title IX and Sexual Harassment: Education Department Proposes New Regulations
This past November, the U.S. Department of Education (ED) issued a notice of proposed rulemaking to amend current regulations that implement Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (Title IX). Ti...
The First Step Act of 2018: An Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2019-03-04 · Reports · 11,211 words · PDF available
On December 21, 2018, President Trump signed into law the First Step Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-391). The act was the culmination of several years of congressional debate about what Congress might do to re...
Statutory Canon Aimed at International Organization Immunity
Update: The Supreme Court on February 27 issued its 7-1 opinion in Jam v. International Finance Corp, holding in favor of the petitioners and reversing the decision below. Chief Justice Roberts wrote ...
Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies (THUD) Appropriations for FY2019: In Brief
Congressional Research Service · 2019-03-04 · Reports · 1,518 words · PDF available
Final FY2019 Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies (THUD) appropriations were enacted on February 15, 2019 as a part of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2019 (P.L. 11...
Definition of National Emergency under the National Emergencies Act
States and various organizations have filed a number of lawsuits challenging President Trump’s proclamation of a national emergency in order to secure funding for the construction of physical barrier ...
Suspension of the Rules: House Practice in the 114th Congress (2015-2016)
Congressional Research Service · 2019-02-28 · Reports · 6,105 words · PDF available
Suspension of the rules is the most commonly used procedure to call up measures on the floor of the House of Representatives. As the name suggests, the procedure allows the House to suspend its standi...
Budget Issues That Shaped the 2018 Farm Bill
Congressional Research Service · 2019-02-28 · Reports · 12,867 words · PDF available
The farm bill is an omnibus, multiyear law that governs an array of agricultural and food programs. The farm bill has typically undergone reauthorization about every five years. The current farm bill—...
Effects of Vacancies at the Merit Systems Protection Board
Congressional Research Service · 2019-02-28 · Testimony · 8,743 words · PDF available
Appointments, Vacancies, Merit Systems Protection Board
Stock Buybacks: Background and Reform Proposals
In 2018, U.S. corporations announced plans to buyback a record $1.08 trillion of their own stock—a trend that has attracted scrutiny and generated a number of legislative proposals designed to curb th...
International Illegal Logging: Background and Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2019-02-26 · Resources · 1,615 words · PDF available
Background Illegal logging is a pervasive problem throughout the world and generally is defined as the harvest, transport, purchase, or sale of timber in violation of national laws. Illegal logging ca...
Redirecting Army Corps of Engineers Civil Works Resources During National Emergencies
Congressional Research Service · 2019-02-26 · Resources · 1,714 words
In January 2019, news outlets reported that the Trump Administration was investigating redirecting U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) civil works funds to construct physical barriers along the U.S.-...
Federal Records: Types and Treatments
Congressional Research Service · 2019-02-26 · Resources · 1,553 words · PDF available
The Federal Records Act The Federal Records Act (FRA; 44 U.S.C. Chapters 21, 29, 31, and 33), enacted in 1950 and amended since, governs the collection, retention, and preservation of federal agency r...
Overview of Legal Challenges to the FCC’s 5G Order on Small Cell Siting
Congressional Research Service · 2019-02-25 · Posts · 2,295 words · PDF available
On September 26, 2018, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) adopted a Declaratory Ruling and Third Report and Order, titled “Accelerating Wireless Broadband Deployment by Removing Barriers to I...
Nexstar-Tribune Merger: Potential Competition Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2019-02-22 · Resources · 1,582 words
On December 3, 2018, Nexstar Media Group and Tribune Media Company announced a merger agreement that would create the largest broadcast television station owner in the United States. Nexstar values Tr...