Policy Library

6,587 documents

Overview of Artificial Intelligence
Congressional Research Service · 2017-10-24 · Resources · 1,520 words
The use of artificial intelligence (AI) is growing across a wide range of sectors. Stakeholders and policymakers have called for careful consideration of strategies to influence its growth, reap predi...
Federal Lifeline Program: Frequently Asked Questions
Congressional Research Service · 2017-10-19 · Reports · 3,167 words · PDF available
The Federal Lifeline Program, established by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in 1985, is one of four programs supported under the Universal Service Fund. The Program was originally designe...
Media Diversity, Data, and Decisionmaking
Congressional Research Service · 2017-10-18 · Resources · 1,575 words
Government Interest in Media Diversity The representation of diverse points of view and diverse ownership of businesses within the television industry has long been of interest to Congress. Section 25...
UPDATE: When Silence Isn’t Golden: Omissions Liability under Securities Laws
UPDATE: On October 17, the Court granted a joint motion of the parties to remove the case from its argument calendar in light of the parties’ reported agreement in principle to settle the dispute. Th...
Supreme Court to Address State Court Jurisdiction over Federal Securities Lawsuits
This term the Supreme Court will hear oral arguments in Cyan, Inc. v. Beaver County Employees Retirement Fund, a case that may “shift the jurisdictional landscape for securities class actions.” The ca...
Private Securities Offerings: Background and Legislation
Congressional Research Service · 2017-10-05 · Resources · 1,439 words · PDF available
Companies turn to a variety of sources to access the funding they need to grow and make new investments. Among them are capital markets, segments of the financial system in which capital is raised thr...
Supreme Court To Hear Partisan Gerrymandering Case On October 3
On October 3, 2017, the U.S. Supreme Court will hear oral arguments in Gill v. Whitford, a case that could significantly impact how congressional and state legislative redistricting maps are drawn. In...
Disaster Assistance and Federal Subsidies for Municipal Bonds
Congressional Research Service · 2017-09-26 · Resources · 1,578 words
The destruction caused by Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria to the Gulf Coast and Southeast regions has prompted a discussion of possible ways for federal, state, and local governments to provide ass...
Autonomous and Semi-autonomous Trucks
Congressional Research Service · 2017-09-20 · Resources · 1,462 words
Introduction Autonomous trucks potentially offer significant freight transportation savings for the U.S. economy. Trucks carry about three-quarters of U.S. freight when measured by cargo weight or val...
Risks and Rewards of Transportation Public-Private Partnerships (P3s), with Lessons from Texas and Indiana
Congressional Research Service · 2017-09-19 · Resources · 1,764 words
A public-private partnership (P3) is a contractual arrangement between a public agency and a private company for the company to assume substantial responsibility for some or all of the planning, desig...
After the Storm: Highway Reconstruction and Resilience
Congressional Research Service · 2017-09-08 · Resources · 1,512 words
In the immediate aftermath of natural disasters, such as Hurricanes Harvey and Irma, the first road recovery efforts are focused on clearing roads, establishing detours, erecting temporary bridges, an...
Rail Transportation of Crude Oil and the FAST Act: An Update
Congressional Research Service · 2017-09-07 · Resources · 1,421 words
Introduction After a multiyear boom, the volume of crude oil carried by U.S. railroads has fallen to the lowest level since 2012. This decline may have implications for efforts by the U.S. Department ...
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): FY2018 President’s Budget Request
Congressional Research Service · 2017-08-25 · Resources · 1,183 words
Since FY2006, Congress has funded the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies appropriations bill. Title II of Division G of the Consolidated Appropria...
The Energy Savings and Industrial Competitiveness Act: S. 385 and H.R. 1443
Congressional Research Service · 2017-08-04 · Reports · 8,526 words · PDF available
Energy efficiency—providing the same or an improved level of service with less energy—has been of interest to some Members of Congress. Proponents of increased energy efficiency see an untapped “resou...
Building a 21st Century Infrastructure for America: Coast Guard Sea, Air, and Land Capabilities: Part II
Congressional Research Service · 2017-07-25 · Testimony · 4,691 words
Guard, capabilities, acquisition, shipbuilding, FY2018
Options and Considerations for Achieving a 355-Ship Navy
Congressional Research Service · 2017-07-25 · Testimony · 9,983 words
Navy, force structure, force level, shipbuilding, ships, 355, FY2018
Securing Air Cargo: Industry Perspectives
Congressional Research Service · 2017-07-25 · Testimony · 1,583 words
Transportation Security, Aviation, Air Cargo, Homeland Security
Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: Gulf Coast Restoration Efforts
Congressional Research Service · 2017-07-17 · Resources · 1,364 words · PDF available
The explosion of the Deepwater Horizon offshore drilling rig on April 20, 2010, which took place 41 miles southeast of the Louisiana coast, resulted in an unprecedented discharge of oil into U.S. wate...
Monument Proclamations Under Executive Order Review: Comparison of Selected Provisions
Congressional Research Service · 2017-07-11 · Reports · 15,374 words
The Antiquities Act of 1906 (54 U.S.C. §§320301-320303) authorizes the President to proclaim national monuments on federal lands that contain “historic landmarks, historic and prehistoric structures, ...
H.R. 23, the Gaining Responsibility on Water Act of 2017 (GROW Act)
Congressional Research Service · 2017-07-11 · Reports · 11,900 words · PDF available
In recent years, parts of the American West (i.e., the 17 states west of the Mississippi River) have been subject to prolonged drought conditions, including a severe drought in California that lasted ...
The Federal Networking and Information Technology Research and Development Program: Background, Funding, and Activities
Congressional Research Service · 2017-07-05 · Reports · 3,288 words
In the early 1990s, Congress recognized that several federal agencies had ongoing high-performance computing programs, but no central coordinating body existed to ensure long-term coordination and pla...
Ecosystem Restoration of the Chesapeake Bay
Congressional Research Service · 2017-07-05 · Resources · 1,475 words
Background The Chesapeake Bay is the largest estuary in the United States. Its watershed comprises a 64,000 square-mile area and includes portions of the District of Columbia and the states of Delawar...
DOL’s 2016 Fiduciary Rule on Investment Advice
Congressional Research Service · 2017-07-05 · Resources · 1,541 words
Under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA; P.L. 93-406), a person who provides investment advice has a fiduciary obligation to provide the advice in the sole interest of plan pa...
When Congress Does Not Agree on a Budget Resolution: Use of Existing Budget Enforcement and Deeming Resolutions
Congressional Research Service · 2017-06-22 · Resources · 1,106 words
The Budget Resolution The Congressional Budget Act of 1974 provides for the annual adoption of a budget resolution, which is meant to reflect an agreement between the House and Senate on a budget plan...
NAFTA Renegotiation: Issues for U.S. Agriculture
Congressional Research Service · 2017-06-22 · Resources · 1,395 words
The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) entered into force on January 1, 1994 (P.L. 103-182), establishing a free trade area as part of a comprehensive economic and free trade agreement among ...
Congressional Authorization of New U.S. Circuit and District Court Judgeships
Congressional Research Service · 2017-06-12 · Resources · 1,623 words
Congress, pursuant to its authority in Article III, Sec. 1 of the U.S. Constitution, determines through legislative action the size and structure of the federal judiciary. Congress first exercised thi...
Economic Aspects of the Opioid Crisis
Congressional Research Service · 2017-06-08 · Testimony · 2,157 words · PDF available
Heroin, fentanyl, and controlled prescription drugs have been ranked as the most significant drug threats to the United States. While the reported availability of controlled prescription drugs has dec...
The Budget Resolution and the Budget Control Act’s Discretionary Spending Limits
Congressional Research Service · 2017-06-07 · Resources · 973 words
Recently, questions have arisen about the relationship between the congressional budget resolution and the statutory discretionary spending limits created by the Budget Control Act of 2011 (BCA; P.L. ...
The Container Shipping Slump, U.S. Exports, and the Role of the Federal Maritime Commission
Congressional Research Service · 2017-06-05 · Resources · 1,474 words
The international container shipping market is currently undergoing significant consolidation in response to slower growth in world container trade. This development may be problematic for some U.S. e...
The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
Congressional Research Service · 2017-05-24 · Reports · 18,310 words · PDF available
The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) entered into force on January 1, 1994. The agreement was signed by President George H. W. Bush on December 17, 1992, and approved by Congress on Novembe...
Tracking Child Nutrition Reauthorization in the 114th Congress: An Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2017-05-23 · Reports · 10,399 words · PDF available
The “child nutrition programs” (National School Lunch Program [NSLP] and certain other institutional food service programs) and the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Child...
Reductions to Mandatory Agricultural Conservation Programs in Appropriations Law
Congressional Research Service · 2017-05-15 · Resources · 1,308 words
Federal spending for agricultural conservation programs—which assist agricultural producers with correcting and preventing natural resource concerns—generally takes two forms: (1) discretionary spendi...
Understanding Process Labels and Certification for Foods
Congressional Research Service · 2017-05-12 · Resources · 1,328 words · PDF available
Over the years, Congress has taken an active role on issues related to the labeling and certification of food products. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (U...
Cost and Benefit Considerations in Clean Air Act Regulations
Congressional Research Service · 2017-05-05 · Reports · 12,957 words · PDF available
The Clean Air Act (CAA) gives the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) broad authority to set ambient air quality standards to protect public health and welfare. It authorizes emission standards for ...
UPDATE: A Steely Look at Steel: Commerce Directed to Prioritize Investigation of the Effects of Steel Imports on National Security
UPDATE: On April 27, 2017, President Trump issued a nearly-identical Presidential Memorandum directing the Secretary to also prioritize investigating the effects of aluminum imports on national securi...
The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act: Background and Summary
Congressional Research Service · 2017-04-21 · Reports · 15,971 words · PDF available
Beginning in 2007, U.S. financial conditions deteriorated, leading to the near-collapse of the U.S. financial system in September 2008. Major commercial banks, insurers, government-sponsored enterpris...
U.S. Strike on Syrian Airbase: Legal under International Law?
In his letter to Congress under the War Powers Resolution, President Trump cited his Article II powers as his domestic legal authority for the April 6 missile strike on Al Shayrat airbase in Syria, bu...
Filibusters and Cloture in the Senate
Congressional Research Service · 2017-04-07 · Reports · 14,439 words · PDF available
The filibuster is widely viewed as one of the Senate’s most characteristic procedural features. Filibustering includes any use of dilatory or obstructive tactics to block a measure by preventing it fr...
Buy America, Transportation Infrastructure, and American Manufacturing
Congressional Research Service · 2017-04-07 · Resources · 1,455 words
Congress over the years has passed several domestic content laws that aim to protect American manufacturing and manufacturing jobs. One is known as the Buy America Act, or more simply, Buy America. St...
A Primer on WIC: The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children
Congressional Research Service · 2017-04-07 · Reports · 11,475 words
The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) provides nutrition-rich foods, nutrition education (including breastfeeding promotion and support), and health care an...
Income Eligibility and Rent in HUD Rental Assistance Programs: Frequently Asked Questions
Congressional Research Service · 2017-03-28 · Reports · 10,082 words
The Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) administers five main rental assistance programs that subsidize rents for low-income families: the Public Housing program, the Section 8 Housing C...
Federal Reserve: Oversight and Disclosure Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2017-03-27 · Reports · 9,379 words
Critics of the Federal Reserve (Fed) have long argued for more oversight, transparency, and disclosure. Criticism intensified following the extensive assistance the Fed provided to financial firms dur...
A Brief Overview of Rulemaking and Judicial Review
Congressional Research Service · 2017-03-27 · Reports · 10,530 words · PDF available
The Administrative Procedure Act (APA), which applies to all agencies of the federal government, provides the general procedures for various types of rulemaking. The APA details the rarely used proced...
Congressional Redistricting Law: Background and Recent Court Rulings
Congressional Research Service · 2017-03-23 · Reports · 12,624 words
In addition to various state processes, the legal framework for congressional redistricting involves constitutional and federal statutory requirements. Interpreting these requirements, in a series of ...
Commercial Truck Safety: Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2017-03-21 · Reports · 8,584 words
More than 11 million large trucks travel U.S. roads, and almost 4 million people hold commercial driver’s licenses. In 2015, large trucks were involved in more than 400,000 motor vehicle crashes serio...
Achieving a Better Life Experience (ABLE) Programs
Congressional Research Service · 2017-03-17 · Resources · 1,636 words
Background on ABLE Programs On December 19, 2014, President Barack Obama signed into law the Stephen Beck, Jr., Achieving a Better Life Experience Act (ABLE Act) of 2014 as part of P.L. 113-295 (Divis...
Health Benefits for United Mine Workers of America Retirees
Congressional Research Service · 2017-03-15 · Resources · 1,570 words
Section 167 of P.L. 114-254 (H.R. 2028, Further Continuing and Security Assistance Appropriations Act, 2017) contained provisions that (1) expanded eligibility for calendar year 2017 for a plan that p...
Pension Benefits for United Mine Workers of America Retirees
Congressional Research Service · 2017-03-15 · Resources · 1,353 words · PDF available
The United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) is a labor union that primarily represents coal mine workers. Eligible UMWA members receive post-retirement health and pension benefits from one of three mult...
EPA Policies Concerning Integrated Planning and Affordability of Water Infrastructure
Congressional Research Service · 2017-03-14 · Reports · 5,649 words
For several years, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has been working with states and cities to develop and implement new approaches that will achieve water quality goals cost-effectively...
Dark Web
Congressional Research Service · 2017-03-10 · Reports · 9,052 words
The layers of the Internet go far beyond the surface content that many can easily access in their daily searches. The other content is that of the Deep Web, content that has not been indexed by tradit...