Policy Library

6,587 documents

Key Issues in Stablecoin Legislation in the 119th Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-09 · Resources · 1,843 words · PDF available
A stablecoin is a digital asset that aims to maintain a stable price (e.g., a 1:1 peg) with a reference asset, such as the U.S. dollar. In the 119th Congress, legislation to regulate payment stablecoi...
Djibouti
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-09 · Resources · 1,854 words · PDF available
Djibouti, a small, arid country in the Horn of Africa, is strategically located on one of the world’s busiest shipping routes at the Bab el Mandeb Strait—the gateway from the Red Sea to the Gulf of Ad...
Student Loan Programs Authorized by the Public Health Service Act: An Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-09 · Reports · 11,234 words · PDF available
The Public Health Service Act authorizes several student loan programs that support health workforce development. The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), through the Health Resources and Se...
EPA to Revisit Greenhouse Gas Endangerment Finding
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-06 · Posts · 2,843 words · PDF available
On March 12, 2025, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced that it would initiate “a formal reconsideration” of its “Endangerment Finding,” a 2009 rule under the Clean Air Act (CAA) i...
Transgender Athletes and Title IX: Agency Investigations and Litigation
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-06 · Posts · 2,535 words · PDF available
Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 prohibits sex discrimination in federally funded education programs. Long-standing regulations implementing the statute permit separating the sexes in spor...
Boundaries on the Long-Run Realization Response to Changes in Capital Gains Taxes
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-06 · Reports · 0 words · PDF available
This report analyzes how responsive taxpayers are to changes in capital gains taxes. Capital gains occur when an asset increases in value as measured by the price of the asset minus the basis, which i...
The Sikes Act: An Overview of Conservation on Military Lands
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-06 · Reports · 7,729 words · PDF available
The Department of Defense (DOD) manages hundreds of military installations across approximately 26 million acres of land in the United States. Lands under the jurisdiction of DOD are managed to suppor...
Tribal Broadband Deployment: Federal Funding and Considerations for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-06 · Reports · 9,161 words · PDF available
The digital divide refers to the gap between individuals who have access to broadband (i.e., high-speed internet) and those who do not. Federal agencies have observed the digital divide on tribal land...
Public Safety Telecommunicator Reclassification: Status and Considerations for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-06 · Resources · 1,699 words · PDF available
Public safety telecommunicators (e.g., 911 operators and 911 dispatchers) have been referred to as the “first” first responders, as they are often the initial responders to an emergency. “Public safet...
China’s Engagement in Djibouti
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-06 · Resources · 1,852 words · PDF available
Djibouti—a small country in the Horn of Africa that hosts the only permanent U.S. military base on the African continent—has transformed itself over the past two decades into a regional trade and logi...
USDA Rural Development Program Appropriations: FY2026 President’s Budget Request
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-06 · Resources · 1,171 words · PDF available
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Rural Development administers grant, loan, loan guarantee, and technical assistance programs that support rural communities. Many of these programs were authorize...
One Big Beautiful Bill Act (H.R. 1): Section 10102, Agricultural Conservation
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-06 · Posts · 1,040 words · PDF available
On May 22, 2025, the House passed the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (H.R. 1), providing for budget reconciliation pursuant to the FY2025 House budget resolution (H.Con.Res. 14). Title 1 (House Committee ...
Most-Favored-Nation Prescription Drug Pricing Executive Order: Legal Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-05 · Posts · 3,457 words · PDF available
On May 12, 2025, the Trump Administration issued an executive order titled “Delivering Most-Favored-Nation Prescription Drug Pricing to American Patients” (the 2025 EO). Both the 2025 EO and the accom...
Social Security’s Projected Shortfall: The Role of Demographic Factors
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-05 · Reports · 19,676 words · PDF available
Social Security is a social insurance program that provides income replacement to workers and their families due to a loss of earnings after a worker’s retirement, death, or disability. Yet Social Sec...
Amendments to the Higher Education Act in FY2025 Budget Reconciliation Legislation
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-05 · Reports · 17,446 words · PDF available
The Concurrent Resolution on the Budget for FY2025 (H.Con.Res. 14) includes reconciliation instructions for the House Committee on Education and the Workforce (EDW) and the Senate Committee on Health,...
The European Parliament and U.S. Interests
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-05 · Resources · 1,645 words · PDF available
A Key EU Institution The European Parliament (EP) is the only directly elected institution of the 27-country European Union (EU). The EP’s current 720 members represent the EU’s roughly 450 million ci...
FERS, MSPB, and FEHB Provisions in H.R. 1, as Passed by the House
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-05 · Resources · 1,739 words · PDF available
On May 22, 2025, the House passed H.R. 1, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act. The version of this budget reconciliation measure agreed to by the House includes four provisions that would amend aspects of ...
U.S.-Indonesia Relations
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-05 · Resources · 1,551 words · PDF available
Overview With over 280 million citizens, Indonesia is the most populous country in Southeast Asia, the world’s most populous Muslim-majority nation, and the world’s third-largest democracy (after Indi...
Global Human Rights: International Religious Freedom Policy
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-05 · Resources · 1,500 words · PDF available
For decades, U.S. policymakers have sought to promote religious freedom abroad, reflective both of a general interest in promoting human rights through U.S. foreign policy, as well as the emphasis on ...
Venezuela: Overview of U.S. Sanctions Policy
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-04 · Resources · 1,769 words · PDF available
Since 2005, the United States has imposed targeted sanctions on Venezuelan individuals and entities that have engaged in criminal, antidemocratic, or corrupt actions. U.S. sanctions have been imposed ...
Efforts to Return Higher-Fat Milks to the School Lunch Program
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-04 · Posts · 1,049 words · PDF available
In the 118th Congress, the House passed H.R. 1147, which, if enacted, would have allowed whole and reduced-fat (2%) milk in federally funded school lunches and exempted milk from federal saturated fat...
Supreme Court Grants Emergency Motion on President’s Removal Power
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-04 · Posts · 3,525 words · PDF available
On May 22, 2025, the Supreme Court granted the executive branch’s motion to stay lower court orders reinstating officials at the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) and Merit Systems Protection Boar...
Congressional Court Watcher: Circuit Splits from April 2025
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-04 · Posts · 1,574 words · PDF available
The U.S. Courts of Appeals for the thirteen “circuits” issue thousands of precedential decisions each year. Because relatively few of these decisions are ultimately reviewed by the Supreme Court, the ...
Social Security Administration Representative Payees
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-04 · Resources · 1,631 words · PDF available
The Social Security Administration (SSA) administers two federal income support programs—Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (i.e., Social Security) and Supplemental Security Income (SSI)—tha...
The VA Fiduciary Program: An Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-04 · Resources · 1,587 words · PDF available
Introduction The purpose of the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Fiduciary Program is “to protect Veterans and other beneficiaries who, due to injury, disease, or due to age, are unable to manage t...
Regulating Artificial Intelligence: U.S. and International Approaches and Considerations for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-04 · Reports · 15,334 words · PDF available
Artificial intelligence (AI) presents many potential benefits and challenges in the private and public sectors. No federal legislation establishing broad regulatory authorities for the development or ...
SBA Disaster Loans Program Account: Overview and Policy Options
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-04 · Reports · 8,673 words · PDF available
The Small Business Administration (SBA) operates the disaster loan program to provide low-interest loans to homeowners, renters, businesses of all sizes, and nonprofit organizations to assist them wit...
Proposed Spectrum Provisions in the House Reconciliation Bill (H.R. 1)
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-04 · Reports · 11,763 words · PDF available
On May 22, 2025, the House voted to approve H.R. 1, a reconciliation bill that compiled provisions from 11 House committees, pursuant to directives in H.Con.Res. 14. The Committee on Energy and Commer...
Social Security: Representative Payees and Power of Attorney
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-04 · Resources · 1,654 words · PDF available
Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (i.e., Social Security) beneficiaries and Supplemental Security Income (SSI) recipients (referred to herein as “beneficiaries” for both programs) may requi...
Nuclear Power Tax Credits
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-04 · Posts · 1,078 words · PDF available
Congress is currently considering legislation that would modify the federal income tax code, including changes to tax policies affecting nuclear power generation. This Insight describes existing tax c...
Energy and Water Development Appropriations for Nuclear Weapons Activities: In Brief
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-04 · Reports · 4,047 words · PDF available
Responsibility for U.S. nuclear weapons resides with both the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). DOD develops, deploys, and operates the missiles, aircraft, and ...
The Highway Trust Fund’s Highway Account
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-03 · Reports · 9,361 words · PDF available
The Highway Trust Fund is a federal accounting mechanism that receives revenue mainly from transportation-related excise taxes and provides a dedicated source of funding for surface transportation. Th...
Child Savings Accounts: Overview and Analysis
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-03 · Reports · 13,351 words · PDF available
Congress is considering establishing a new form of child savings accounts, also known as child development accounts, as part of reconciliation legislation for FY2025. Many state governments, local gov...
Cybersecurity of the Municipal Water Sector: Background and Issues for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-03 · Reports · 12,556 words · PDF available
Cyberattacks pose a threat to the more than 324 million individuals in the United States who regularly receive water from water systems. These cyberattacks include incidents where an adversary manipul...
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: FY2025 Appropriations
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-03 · Resources · 1,613 words · PDF available
For FY2025, Congress enacted funding for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) civil works activities as part of a full-year continuing appropriations act (commonly known as a continuing resolution, or...
Future Long-Range Assault Aircraft (FLRAA)
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-03 · Resources · 1,577 words · PDF available
Background The U.S. Army is developing the Future Long-Range Assault Aircraft (FLRAA) to serve as a next-generation aircraft for vertical lift, air assault, maritime interdiction, aeromedical evacuati...
Haiti in Crisis: Developments Related to the Multinational Security Support Mission
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-03 · Posts · 1,042 words · PDF available
Haiti’s political and security situation has continued to deteriorate in 2025 despite the 2024 deployment of a Kenya-led, UN-authorized Multinational Security Support Mission (MSS) that the U.S. gover...
Tunisia: In Brief
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-03 · Reports · 7,877 words · PDF available
Once considered the lone democratic success story of the 2011 “Arab Spring” uprisings, Tunisia has seen a reversion to authoritarian rule under President Kais Saïed. First elected in 2019 as a populis...
Connecting Older Adults to Information on Benefits and Services
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-03 · Reports · 8,624 words · PDF available
Older adults often contact congressional offices with questions about federal benefits, programs, and services. This report assists Members and congressional staff helping older adults navigate this l...
Defense Primer: Military Officers
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-03 · Resources · 694 words · PDF available
Grade and Rank The Armed Forces are hierarchical organizations with clearly defined levels of authority. The different levels for officers are defined in law and called grades, while rank refers to th...
PJM’s Electric Capacity Market: Background and Current Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-02 · Reports · 9,475 words · PDF available
PJM is the country’s largest electric grid operator, managing the electricity transmission system for more than 65 million people in all or part of 13 states—Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Mar...
Guide to Committee Activity Reports: Purpose, Rules, and Contents
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-02 · Reports · 7,536 words · PDF available
All House committees and most Senate committees are required to prepare reports each Congress detailing their activities. These committee activity reports provide a historical record of a committee’s...
New World Screwworm: Current Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-02 · Posts · 1,009 words · PDF available
The New World screwworm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) is a housefly-sized parasite that lays eggs in the wounds or mucous membranes of warm-blooded vertebrates (e.g., mammals, birds). The U.S. Department ...
Memorial Day Speech Resources: Fact Sheet
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-02 · Reports · 1,035 words · PDF available
Memorial Day is a day of reflection and remembrance of those who died while serving in the U.S. military. Many Americans observe Memorial Day by visiting cemeteries or memorials and placing flags or w...
Adoption Tax Benefits: An Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2025-05-30 · Reports · 13,402 words · PDF available
The federal government supports adoption in two primary ways: federal grants to state governments and tax benefits for individual taxpayers that help offset the costs of adopting a child. This report ...
Optional Practical Training (OPT) for Foreign Students in the United States
Congressional Research Service · 2025-05-30 · Resources · 1,626 words · PDF available
Optional Practical Training (OPT) is temporary employment for foreign students and recent graduates in the United States in F-1 or M-1 nonimmigrant (i.e., temporary) status. Established through regula...
Central Valley Project: Issues and Legislation
Congressional Research Service · 2025-05-30 · Reports · 18,191 words · PDF available
The Central Valley Project (CVP), a federal water project owned and operated by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation), is one of the world’s largest water supply projects. The CVP covers approx...
Election Administration: Federal Grant Programs for States and Localities
Congressional Research Service · 2025-05-30 · Reports · 15,409 words · PDF available
States, territories, and localities have primary responsibility for administering elections in the United States, but Congress has tools it can use to support or shape their efforts if it chooses to d...
Tornadoes: Forecasting, Detection, and Communication
Congressional Research Service · 2025-05-30 · Resources · 1,218 words · PDF available
Tornadoes are narrow, violently rotating columns of air, connecting the base of a thunderstorm to the ground. They affect communities across the United States every year and can cause fatalities and i...
Electric Reliability and Resiliency in Puerto Rico
Congressional Research Service · 2025-05-30 · Resources · 1,471 words · PDF available
Power outages have heightened congressional interest in Puerto Rico’s electric power infrastructure, which was damaged by hurricanes Irma and Maria in 2017, earthquakes in 2020, and hurricane Fiona in...