Policy Library

7,020 documents

Military Tuition Assistance Program: Background and Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-11 · Reports · 7,455 words · PDF available
Congress has provided authority to the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) to fund off-duty voluntary education for Active and Reserve Component servicemembers. Congress and DOD have conceived of tuition...
Wastewater Infrastructure Funding: Background and Affordability Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-10 · Reports · 10,241 words · PDF available
The condition of wastewater infrastructure and the financial and technical challenges some communities face in ensuring adequate infrastructure services continue to generate interest among Members of ...
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS): Background and FY2026 Appropriations
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-10 · Resources · 1,484 words · PDF available
Background The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in the Department of the Interior (DOI), provides scientific information to support the management of water, energy, mineral, ecosystem, and land resource...
The Organized Crime Drug Enforcement Task Force (OCDETF) Program: Going Forward
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-10 · Posts · 972 words · PDF available
The Organized Crime Drug Enforcement Task Force (OCDETF) program was originally created in 1982 as part of President Reagan’s initiatives to counter drug trafficking and organized crime. It is the lar...
United States v. McCray and Criminal Sentences for Fentanyl Analogue Offenses
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-09 · Posts · 1,810 words · PDF available
In 2018, the U.S. District Court for the Western District of New York decided United States v. McCray, rejecting a criminal defendant’s challenge to a mandatory minimum sentence for possession with in...
Trump Administration Initial FY2026 Energy and Water Appropriations Request: In Brief
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-09 · Reports · 3,810 words · PDF available
Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies appropriations (E&W) bills typically include funding for civil works activities of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) in the Department of Defen...
403(b) Pension Plans: Overview and Legislative Developments
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-09 · Resources · 1,782 words · PDF available
Introduction A pension is a benefit employers may offer to assist employees in preparing for retirement. Pension plans may be sponsored by private sector (nonprofit and for-profit) employers or public...
Presidential Proclamation of June 4, 2025, Restricting the Entry of Certain Foreign Nationals
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-09 · Posts · 1,010 words · PDF available
On June 4, 2025 President Trump issued a proclamation suspending the entry of certain foreign nationals (aliens) from 19 countries, effective June 9. Citing an intent to protect U.S. citizens “from al...
An Expiration Date for Temporary Control of Fentanyl Analogues
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-09 · Posts · 2,470 words · PDF available
In February 2020, the Temporary Reauthorization and Study of the Emergency Scheduling of Fentanyl Analogues Act temporarily placed certain fentanyl-related substances (FRS)—compounds chemically relate...
Legislative Scheduling of Controlled Substances
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-09 · Resources · 1,529 words · PDF available
The Controlled Substances Act (CSA) regulates drugs and other substances deemed to pose a risk of abuse and dependence. Drugs become subject to the CSA by being placed in one of five lists, known as S...
Key Issues in Stablecoin Legislation in the 119th Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-09 · Resources · 1,843 words · PDF available
A stablecoin is a digital asset that aims to maintain a stable price (e.g., a 1:1 peg) with a reference asset, such as the U.S. dollar. In the 119th Congress, legislation to regulate payment stablecoi...
Djibouti
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-09 · Resources · 1,854 words · PDF available
Djibouti, a small, arid country in the Horn of Africa, is strategically located on one of the world’s busiest shipping routes at the Bab el Mandeb Strait—the gateway from the Red Sea to the Gulf of Ad...
Student Loan Programs Authorized by the Public Health Service Act: An Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-09 · Reports · 11,234 words · PDF available
The Public Health Service Act authorizes several student loan programs that support health workforce development. The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), through the Health Resources and Se...
The purpose and promise of China’s International Organization for Mediation
Brookings Institution · 2025-06-06 · Article · 1,949 words · PDF available
Chinese narratives, analysis, and reports on the International Organization for Mediation suggests that it is different from the traditional conflict mediation organizations.
EPA to Revisit Greenhouse Gas Endangerment Finding
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-06 · Posts · 2,843 words · PDF available
On March 12, 2025, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced that it would initiate “a formal reconsideration” of its “Endangerment Finding,” a 2009 rule under the Clean Air Act (CAA) i...
Transgender Athletes and Title IX: Agency Investigations and Litigation
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-06 · Posts · 2,535 words · PDF available
Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 prohibits sex discrimination in federally funded education programs. Long-standing regulations implementing the statute permit separating the sexes in spor...
Boundaries on the Long-Run Realization Response to Changes in Capital Gains Taxes
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-06 · Reports · 0 words · PDF available
This report analyzes how responsive taxpayers are to changes in capital gains taxes. Capital gains occur when an asset increases in value as measured by the price of the asset minus the basis, which i...
The Sikes Act: An Overview of Conservation on Military Lands
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-06 · Reports · 7,729 words · PDF available
The Department of Defense (DOD) manages hundreds of military installations across approximately 26 million acres of land in the United States. Lands under the jurisdiction of DOD are managed to suppor...
Tribal Broadband Deployment: Federal Funding and Considerations for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-06 · Reports · 9,161 words · PDF available
The digital divide refers to the gap between individuals who have access to broadband (i.e., high-speed internet) and those who do not. Federal agencies have observed the digital divide on tribal land...
Public Safety Telecommunicator Reclassification: Status and Considerations for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-06 · Resources · 1,699 words · PDF available
Public safety telecommunicators (e.g., 911 operators and 911 dispatchers) have been referred to as the “first” first responders, as they are often the initial responders to an emergency. “Public safet...
China’s Engagement in Djibouti
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-06 · Resources · 1,852 words · PDF available
Djibouti—a small country in the Horn of Africa that hosts the only permanent U.S. military base on the African continent—has transformed itself over the past two decades into a regional trade and logi...
USDA Rural Development Program Appropriations: FY2026 President’s Budget Request
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-06 · Resources · 1,171 words · PDF available
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Rural Development administers grant, loan, loan guarantee, and technical assistance programs that support rural communities. Many of these programs were authorize...
One Big Beautiful Bill Act (H.R. 1): Section 10102, Agricultural Conservation
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-06 · Posts · 1,040 words · PDF available
On May 22, 2025, the House passed the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (H.R. 1), providing for budget reconciliation pursuant to the FY2025 House budget resolution (H.Con.Res. 14). Title 1 (House Committee ...
Most-Favored-Nation Prescription Drug Pricing Executive Order: Legal Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-05 · Posts · 3,457 words · PDF available
On May 12, 2025, the Trump Administration issued an executive order titled “Delivering Most-Favored-Nation Prescription Drug Pricing to American Patients” (the 2025 EO). Both the 2025 EO and the accom...
Social Security’s Projected Shortfall: The Role of Demographic Factors
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-05 · Reports · 19,676 words · PDF available
Social Security is a social insurance program that provides income replacement to workers and their families due to a loss of earnings after a worker’s retirement, death, or disability. Yet Social Sec...
Amendments to the Higher Education Act in FY2025 Budget Reconciliation Legislation
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-05 · Reports · 17,446 words · PDF available
The Concurrent Resolution on the Budget for FY2025 (H.Con.Res. 14) includes reconciliation instructions for the House Committee on Education and the Workforce (EDW) and the Senate Committee on Health,...
The European Parliament and U.S. Interests
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-05 · Resources · 1,645 words · PDF available
A Key EU Institution The European Parliament (EP) is the only directly elected institution of the 27-country European Union (EU). The EP’s current 720 members represent the EU’s roughly 450 million ci...
FERS, MSPB, and FEHB Provisions in H.R. 1, as Passed by the House
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-05 · Resources · 1,739 words · PDF available
On May 22, 2025, the House passed H.R. 1, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act. The version of this budget reconciliation measure agreed to by the House includes four provisions that would amend aspects of ...
U.S.-Indonesia Relations
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-05 · Resources · 1,551 words · PDF available
Overview With over 280 million citizens, Indonesia is the most populous country in Southeast Asia, the world’s most populous Muslim-majority nation, and the world’s third-largest democracy (after Indi...
Global Human Rights: International Religious Freedom Policy
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-05 · Resources · 1,500 words · PDF available
For decades, U.S. policymakers have sought to promote religious freedom abroad, reflective both of a general interest in promoting human rights through U.S. foreign policy, as well as the emphasis on ...
Venezuela: Overview of U.S. Sanctions Policy
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-04 · Resources · 1,769 words · PDF available
Since 2005, the United States has imposed targeted sanctions on Venezuelan individuals and entities that have engaged in criminal, antidemocratic, or corrupt actions. U.S. sanctions have been imposed ...
Efforts to Return Higher-Fat Milks to the School Lunch Program
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-04 · Posts · 1,049 words · PDF available
In the 118th Congress, the House passed H.R. 1147, which, if enacted, would have allowed whole and reduced-fat (2%) milk in federally funded school lunches and exempted milk from federal saturated fat...
Supreme Court Grants Emergency Motion on President’s Removal Power
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-04 · Posts · 3,525 words · PDF available
On May 22, 2025, the Supreme Court granted the executive branch’s motion to stay lower court orders reinstating officials at the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) and Merit Systems Protection Boar...
Congressional Court Watcher: Circuit Splits from April 2025
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-04 · Posts · 1,574 words · PDF available
The U.S. Courts of Appeals for the thirteen “circuits” issue thousands of precedential decisions each year. Because relatively few of these decisions are ultimately reviewed by the Supreme Court, the ...
Social Security Administration Representative Payees
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-04 · Resources · 1,631 words · PDF available
The Social Security Administration (SSA) administers two federal income support programs—Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (i.e., Social Security) and Supplemental Security Income (SSI)—tha...
The VA Fiduciary Program: An Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-04 · Resources · 1,587 words · PDF available
Introduction The purpose of the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Fiduciary Program is “to protect Veterans and other beneficiaries who, due to injury, disease, or due to age, are unable to manage t...
Regulating Artificial Intelligence: U.S. and International Approaches and Considerations for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-04 · Reports · 15,334 words · PDF available
Artificial intelligence (AI) presents many potential benefits and challenges in the private and public sectors. No federal legislation establishing broad regulatory authorities for the development or ...
SBA Disaster Loans Program Account: Overview and Policy Options
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-04 · Reports · 8,673 words · PDF available
The Small Business Administration (SBA) operates the disaster loan program to provide low-interest loans to homeowners, renters, businesses of all sizes, and nonprofit organizations to assist them wit...
Proposed Spectrum Provisions in the House Reconciliation Bill (H.R. 1)
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-04 · Reports · 11,763 words · PDF available
On May 22, 2025, the House voted to approve H.R. 1, a reconciliation bill that compiled provisions from 11 House committees, pursuant to directives in H.Con.Res. 14. The Committee on Energy and Commer...
Social Security: Representative Payees and Power of Attorney
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-04 · Resources · 1,654 words · PDF available
Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (i.e., Social Security) beneficiaries and Supplemental Security Income (SSI) recipients (referred to herein as “beneficiaries” for both programs) may requi...
Nuclear Power Tax Credits
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-04 · Posts · 1,078 words · PDF available
Congress is currently considering legislation that would modify the federal income tax code, including changes to tax policies affecting nuclear power generation. This Insight describes existing tax c...
Energy and Water Development Appropriations for Nuclear Weapons Activities: In Brief
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-04 · Reports · 4,047 words · PDF available
Responsibility for U.S. nuclear weapons resides with both the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). DOD develops, deploys, and operates the missiles, aircraft, and ...
What South Korea's presidential election means for the US-Korea alliance
Brookings Institution · 2025-06-03 · Article · 7,721 words · PDF available
South Korea's new government’s immediate task is negotiating a trade deal with Washington and ensuring U.S. commitment to the security alliance.
The Highway Trust Fund’s Highway Account
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-03 · Reports · 9,361 words · PDF available
The Highway Trust Fund is a federal accounting mechanism that receives revenue mainly from transportation-related excise taxes and provides a dedicated source of funding for surface transportation. Th...
Child Savings Accounts: Overview and Analysis
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-03 · Reports · 13,351 words · PDF available
Congress is considering establishing a new form of child savings accounts, also known as child development accounts, as part of reconciliation legislation for FY2025. Many state governments, local gov...
Cybersecurity of the Municipal Water Sector: Background and Issues for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-03 · Reports · 12,556 words · PDF available
Cyberattacks pose a threat to the more than 324 million individuals in the United States who regularly receive water from water systems. These cyberattacks include incidents where an adversary manipul...
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: FY2025 Appropriations
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-03 · Resources · 1,613 words · PDF available
For FY2025, Congress enacted funding for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) civil works activities as part of a full-year continuing appropriations act (commonly known as a continuing resolution, or...
Future Long-Range Assault Aircraft (FLRAA)
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-03 · Resources · 1,577 words · PDF available
Background The U.S. Army is developing the Future Long-Range Assault Aircraft (FLRAA) to serve as a next-generation aircraft for vertical lift, air assault, maritime interdiction, aeromedical evacuati...
Haiti in Crisis: Developments Related to the Multinational Security Support Mission
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-03 · Posts · 1,042 words · PDF available
Haiti’s political and security situation has continued to deteriorate in 2025 despite the 2024 deployment of a Kenya-led, UN-authorized Multinational Security Support Mission (MSS) that the U.S. gover...
Tunisia: In Brief
Congressional Research Service · 2025-06-03 · Reports · 7,877 words · PDF available
Once considered the lone democratic success story of the 2011 “Arab Spring” uprisings, Tunisia has seen a reversion to authoritarian rule under President Kais Saïed. First elected in 2019 as a populis...