Policy Library

6,587 documents

Railroad Retirement Board: Retirement, Survivor, Disability, Unemployment, and Sickness Benefits
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-11 · Resources · 1,529 words · PDF available
Introduction The Railroad Retirement Board (RRB) administers retirement, survivor, disability, unemployment, and sickness benefits for railroad workers and their families under the provisions of the R...
The State of U.S. Shipbuilding
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-11 · Testimony · 19,019 words · PDF available
Navy, DOD, defense, shipbuilding, acquisition, procurement, industrial base, shipyards, suppliers, inflation
Using Data to Reduce Improper Payments: An Overview of the Do Not Pay Initiative
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-10 · Resources · 1,635 words · PDF available
Payment integrity—ensuring that payments issued by federal agencies are accurate and proper—is a central concern in the stewardship of taxpayers’ dollars. The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) ide...
Federal Capital Punishment: Recent Executive Action
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-10 · Posts · 1,151 words · PDF available
On January 20, 2025, President Trump issued an executive order addressing pursuit of the death penalty as a sentencing possibility in federal capital cases. Attorney General Pamela Bondi released a me...
Introduction to the Legislative Process in the U.S. Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-10 · Reports · 7,848 words · PDF available
A bill (or other item of business) may travel through a series of steps in the legislative process—from introduction to committee and floor consideration to possible presidential consideration. Howeve...
The 10-20-30 Provision: Defining Persistent Poverty Counties
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-10 · Reports · 11,947 words · PDF available
Research has suggested that areas with a poverty rate 20% or greater experience more acute systemic problems than do lower-poverty areas. The poverty rate is the percentage of the population that is b...
Global Pandemics: Gain-of-Function Research of Concern
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-10 · Resources · 1,622 words · PDF available
Gain-of-function (GOF) research is a broad area of scientific inquiry that examines how and why an organism gains a new property or an existing property is altered. The terms gain of function and loss...
Selected Potential Considerations with Respect to Marine Carbon Dioxide Removal: In Brief
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-10 · Reports · 6,925 words · PDF available
Congressional and external stakeholders have shown increased interest in carbon dioxide removal (CDR) approaches to mitigate rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations. Marine CDR (mCDR, a...
Designating Cartels and Other Criminal Organizations as Foreign Terrorists: Recent Developments
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-10 · Posts · 1,156 words · PDF available
In furtherance of President Donald Trump’s executive order (E.O.) Designating Cartels and Other Organizations as Foreign Terrorist Organizations and Specially Designated Global Terrorists (E.O. 14157 ...
Noncitizen Eligibility for Medicaid and CHIP
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-10 · Resources · 1,620 words · PDF available
Medicaid and the State Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) provide a health care safety net for low-income populations. Noncitizen (i.e., alien in immigration law) eligibility for these program...
The Federal Employees’ Compensation Act (FECA): Workers’ Compensation for Federal Employees
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-10 · Reports · 10,386 words · PDF available
The Federal Employees’ Compensation Act (FECA) is the workers’ compensation program for federal employees. Like all workers’ compensation programs, FECA pays disability, survivors, and medical benefit...
The Government’s Broad Power to Terminate Procurement Contracts
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-07 · Posts · 2,071 words · PDF available
The scope and limits of the federal government’s power to terminate procurement contracts is a topic of recurring interest to Congress, federal contracting officers, and federal contractors. As discus...
Plastic Pollution and Policy Considerations: Frequently Asked Questions
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-07 · Reports · 23,496 words · PDF available
Global and domestic plastic production has increased substantially since the mid-20th century—doubling in the last two decades. The durability, moldability, and versatility of plastic have led to its ...
H-1B, H-2A, and H-2B Temporary Worker Programs: Resources for Data and Statistics
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-07 · Reports · 5,312 words · PDF available
This report provides a high-level overview of the processes through which employers can hire H-1B, H-2A, and H-2B workers and describes data available from the federal agencies involved in these proce...
Afghanistan: Background and U.S. Policy In Brief
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-07 · Reports · 7,941 words · PDF available
Afghanistan under the Taliban, the Sunni Islamist group that retook power in 2021 as the United States ended its 20-year military and development mission in Afghanistan, remains one of the world’s poo...
Northern Ireland: The Peace Process, Ongoing Challenges, and U.S. Interests
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-07 · Reports · 19,392 words · PDF available
Between 1969 and 1999, roughly 3,500 people died as a result of political violence in Northern Ireland, which is one of four component “nations” of the United Kingdom (UK). The conflict, often referre...
The Debt Limit
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-07 · Resources · 1,554 words · PDF available
Overview The debt limit places a statutory constraint on the amount of money that Treasury may borrow to fund federal operations. The debt limit was reinstated on January 2, 2025, at $36.1 trillion, t...
The National Directory of New Hires: An Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-07 · Reports · 11,223 words · PDF available
The National Directory of New Hires (NDNH) is a database (part of the Federal Parent Locator Service [FPLS]) that contains personal and financial data on nearly every working American, as well as thos...
Congressional Commissions: Overview and Considerations for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-06 · Reports · 9,320 words · PDF available
Congressional commissions are formal groups established to provide independent advice, recommend changes in public policy, study or investigate a particular problem or event, or commemorate an individ...
The Reconciliation Process: Frequently Asked Questions
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-06 · Reports · 7,541 words · PDF available
When Congress adopts a budget resolution, it establishes budgetary goals for the years covered in the resolution. In some cases, it is necessary to change existing revenue, direct spending, or debt-li...
U.S.-South Africa Relations: Tensions Rise
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-06 · Posts · 1,060 words · PDF available
On February 7, 2025, President Donald Trump issued Executive Order (EO) 14204, which stated that the South African government “has taken aggressive positions towards the United States and its allies” ...
Small Business Administration’s Continuity of Pandemic Program Oversight
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-06 · Posts · 810 words · PDF available
Since the implementation of COVID-19 pandemic relief programs, Congress has expressed interest in the oversight of these programs. Oversight has been conducted by both the Small Business Administratio...
Firearms: Frequently Asked Questions
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-06 · Reports · 9,499 words · PDF available
There is considerable congressional interest in firearms and federal firearms policy. In the 118th Congress, for example, legislators proposed hundreds of bills with provisions affecting firearms poli...
Federal Assistance for State and Local Entrepreneurship Development Policies and Recent Legislation
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-05 · Resources · 1,590 words · PDF available
Entrepreneurship is often considered an engine of economic growth. Congress has authorized over 10 federal agencies to administer a number of programs to address common challenges faced by entrepreneu...
Critical Minerals and Materials for Selected Energy Technologies
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-05 · Reports · 9,543 words · PDF available
Partly in response to rising global temperatures, some domestic and international policymakers have pursued alternative energy sources as a substitute for or supplement to fossil fuel energy sources. ...
U.S. Circuit Court Vacancies at the Beginning of New Presidencies: Historical Overview and Analysis
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-05 · Posts · 1,034 words · PDF available
This Insight provides a historical overview and analysis of U.S. circuit court vacancies that existed at the beginning of each new presidency since 1993. This period includes the first year of the Cli...
Muslim Holidays: Fact Sheet
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-05 · Reports · 2,086 words · PDF available
Islam is one of the three major Abrahamic faiths, alongside Judaism and Christianity. According to the 2020 U.S. Religion Census, the number of followers of Islam in the United States has risen to 4.5...
Debt Limit Policy Questions: What Are Extraordinary Measures?
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-05 · Posts · 1,084 words · PDF available
Following a suspension period established by the Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023 (P.L. 118-5), the statutory debt limit was reinstated on January 2, 2025, at $36.1 trillion, the precise level of fed...
The Integrated Public Alert and Warning System (IPAWS): Primer and Issues for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-05 · Reports · 8,952 words · PDF available
Emergency alerting is critical to emergency response. Effective dissemination of emergency alerting communications at all stages of an emergency can increase the likelihood that people take protective...
Firearms and Ammunition Excise Tax (FAET)
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-05 · Resources · 1,483 words · PDF available
The federal government first imposed excise taxes on firearms and ammunition over 100 years ago. Today, Section 4181 of the Internal Revenue Code imposes an excise tax at 10% of the manufacturer’s pri...
China-Philippines Tensions in the South China Sea
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-04 · Resources · 1,628 words · PDF available
Overview In 2023 and 2024, the People’s Republic of China (PRC, or China) increased pressure on the Philippines to abandon one of its nine outposts in the Spratly Islands in the South China Sea (SCS) ...
Selected Issues in Tax Reform: Itemized Deductions
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-04 · Posts · 1,100 words · PDF available
P.L. 115-97, commonly known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA), modified the treatment of various itemized deductions through the end of 2025. This Insight provides information on itemized deductions...
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA): Organization Overview and Issues for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-04 · Reports · 13,302 words · PDF available
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), an agency within the Department of Commerce (DOC), is the principal federal agency tasked with understanding and predicting changes in clima...
High Intensity Drug Trafficking Areas (HIDTA) Program
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-04 · Resources · 1,629 words · PDF available
Administered by the White House’s Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP), the HIDTA program provides assistance to law enforcement agencies—at the federal, state, local, and tribal levels—that...
Iran: Congressional Reporting Requirements
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-04 · Reports · 7,513 words · PDF available
Congress has mandated that the executive branch provide it with significant amounts of information related to Iran via singular and recurring reporting requirements. Iran-related issues about which Co...
“Sanctuary” Jurisdictions: Policy Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-04 · Resources · 1,620 words · PDF available
Overview Some state and local jurisdictions have adopted policies that limit their cooperation with federal agencies charged with immigration enforcement. These “sanctuary” policies, which have been ...
Sequestration as a Budget Enforcement Process: Frequently Asked Questions
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-04 · Reports · 1,829 words · PDF available
A sequester provides for the automatic cancellation of previously enacted spending, making largely across-the-board reductions to nonexempt programs, activities, and accounts. Sequestration is current...
FEMA Individual Assistance Programs: An Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-03 · Reports · 11,271 words · PDF available
Following a presidential declaration of emergency or major disaster under the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (Stafford Act; P.L. 93-288, as amended; 42 U.S.C. §§5121 e...
AUKUS and Indo-Pacific Security
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-03 · Resources · 1,507 words · PDF available
In 2021, Australia, the United Kingdom (UK), and the United States announced a trilateral security partnership intended to “deepen diplomatic, security, and defense cooperation in the Indo-Pacific reg...
FEMA’s Individuals and Households Program (IHP)—Implementation and Considerations for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-03 · Reports · 38,371 words · PDF available
The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) may provide several forms of assistance, if authorized, pursuant to a presidential declaration of emergency or major disaster under the Robert T. Staffor...
Expiring Provisions of P.L. 115-97 (the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act): Economic Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-03 · Reports · 13,360 words · PDF available
Most provisions affecting the individual income tax in the 2017 tax law (P.L. 115-97), commonly called the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA), are scheduled to expire in 2025. These expiring provisions incl...
NIH Indirect Costs Policy for Research Grants: Recent Developments
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-03 · Posts · 1,160 words · PDF available
On February 7, 2025, the National Institutes of Health (NIH), an agency of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), published supplemental policy guidance that instituted a 15% indirect cost...
A Brief Overview of FEMA’s Individual Assistance Program
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-03 · Resources · 1,521 words · PDF available
Following an incident, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) may implement the Individual Assistance (IA) program to assist disaster survivors when the President authorizes such assistance pu...
Debt Limit Policy Questions: What Are the Potential Economic Effects of a Binding Federal Debt Limit?
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-03 · Reports · 3,835 words · PDF available
Federal law prohibits the “face amount of obligations whose principal and interest are guaranteed by the United States Government” from exceeding the statutory debt limit (31 U.S.C. §3101). The Depart...
History, Evolution, and Practices of the President’s State of the Union Address: Frequently Asked Questions
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-28 · Reports · 5,600 words · PDF available
The State of the Union address is a communication from the President to Congress in which the chief executive reports on the current condition of the United States and provides policy proposals for th...
Wildfire and the Budget in the 119th Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-28 · Resources · 1,352 words · PDF available
The increasing extent of—and damage caused by—wildfire in the United States over the last 20 years has led to questions about the federal government’s role in funding wildfire preparedness, suppressio...
Measuring the Impacts of the H-1B Visa Program on U.S. Labor Markets: Two Recent Quasi-Experimental Studies
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-28 · Resources · 1,585 words · PDF available
The H-1B visa program, created by the Immigration Act of 1990 (P.L. 101-649), allows U.S. employers to hire temporary foreign workers in specialty occupations requiring a college degree. Many H-1B wor...
Farm Bill Primer: Animal Disease Management and Prevention
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-28 · Resources · 1,620 words · PDF available
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) estimates that animal agriculture is expected to account for $272 billion of production by U.S. farms and ranches in 2024, 53% of the total value of U.S. agri...
Romania: Background and U.S. Relations
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-28 · Reports · 11,041 words · PDF available
Romania is a country in southeastern Europe with a population of nearly 20 million. After the end of communist rule in Romania in 1989, the United States and Romania developed close bilateral relation...
Pell Grant Program: Major Congressional Proposals
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-28 · Reports · 8,072 words · PDF available
The Federal Pell Grant program is the largest program providing need-based grant aid to postsecondary students. In FY2023, the program made $31 billion in grant aid available to approximately 6.5 mill...