Policy Library

7,020 documents

Social Media: Content Dissemination and Moderation Practices
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-20 · Reports · 11,473 words · PDF available
Social media platforms disseminate information quickly to billions of global users. One of the main features of social media is the primacy of user-generated content: users can act as producers and co...
Contingency Management for Substance Use Disorders
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-20 · Resources · 1,667 words · PDF available
Treatment for substance use disorders (SUDs) typically involves pharmacological or psychosocial therapies. For instance, certain medications are used in treatment for alcohol, tobacco, or opioid use. ...
House Rules Changes Affecting Committee Procedure in the 119th Congress (2025-2026)
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-20 · Reports · 3,783 words · PDF available
As agreed to in the House, H.Res. 5, a resolution adopting the rules of the House of Representatives, provided amendments to the rules that affect committee procedure in the 119th Congress (2025-2026)...
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-20 · Resources · 1,718 words · PDF available
During public health crises like the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has served as a face of the federal government’s public health r...
Monuments and Memorials Authorized Under the Commemorative Works Act in the District of Columbia: Current Development of In-Progress and Lapsed Works
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-20 · Reports · 14,151 words · PDF available
Under the Commemorative Works Act (CWA) of 1986, Congress may authorize commemorative works to be placed in the District of Columbia or its environs. Once a commemorative work has been authorized, Con...
Rural Community Facilities: A Guide to Programs
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-19 · Reports · 7,751 words · PDF available
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) administers programs that support essential community facilities. USDA defines essential community facilities as public improvements necessary for “the benefi...
Recess Appointments: A Legal Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-19 · Resources · 1,820 words · PDF available
The Constitution provides two methods by which the President can appoint officers. One is through the Appointments Clause; the other is through the Recess Appointments Clause. This In Focus provides a...
Kyrgyz Republic
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-19 · Resources · 1,558 words · PDF available
Overview The Kyrgyz Republic (commonly known as Kyrgyzstan) is a mountainous, landlocked country that borders the People’s Republic of China (PRC, or China), Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan (se...
The Three Seas Initiative
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-19 · Resources · 1,401 words
The Three Seas Initiative (3SI) is a regional effort in Europe to expand cross-border energy, transportation, and digital infrastructure and boost economic development in the area between the Adriatic...
Greenhouse Gas Reporting for Carbon Injection and Sequestration Through Enhanced Oil Recovery Wells
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-19 · Resources · 1,864 words · PDF available
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA’s) Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program (GHGRP) requires certain facilities to report their emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs). The GHGRP also requires an...
Germany’s February 2025 Election
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-19 · Posts · 1,031 words · PDF available
Political leaders in Germany—Europe’s most populous country and largest economy—are engaged in negotiations to form a new government following a February 23, 2025, snap parliamentary election. Electio...
Proposals to Limit Financial Activities of Members of Congress: Background and Analysis of Legislative Proposals
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-19 · Reports · 12,787 words · PDF available
In recent years, some Members of Congress have proposed reforms that would prohibit the purchase, sale, or ownership of certain financial instruments by Members of Congress and other specified congres...
Appropriations Subcommittee Structure: History of Changes from 1920 to 2025
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-18 · Reports · 6,345 words · PDF available
This report details the evolution of the House and Senate Appropriations Committees’ subcommittee structure from the 1920s to the present. In 1920, the House adopted a change in its rules to consolida...
Child Support Services: Program Basics
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-18 · Reports · 9,278 words · PDF available
The Child Support program was enacted in 1975 as a federal-state program (Title IV-D of the Social Security Act). It was originally referred to as the Child Support Enforcement program and was recentl...
Child Support Services Annual User Fee: In Brief
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-18 · Reports · 4,720 words · PDF available
Section 454(6)(B)(ii) of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 654) requires that states impose an annual user fee for child support services provided to families with no connection to the welfare system...
Traditional, Roth, and Rollover Individual Retirement Account (IRA) Ownership in 2022
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-18 · Reports · 4,019 words · PDF available
Households rely on a variety of sources for income in retirement. These include, for example, payments from Social Security, a federal social insurance program that provides monthly benefits to insure...
The Child Support Services (CSS) Program
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-18 · Resources · 1,445 words · PDF available
Introduction The child support program was enacted into law on January 4, 1975 (P.L. 93-647). It was originally referred to as the Child Support Enforcement program and was recently renamed by the U.S...
Public Safety Officers’ Benefits (PSOB) and Public Safety Officers’ Educational Assistance (PSOEA) Programs
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-18 · Reports · 5,707 words · PDF available
The Public Safety Officers’ Benefits (PSOB) program provides cash benefits to federal, state, and local law enforcement officers; firefighters; employees of emergency management agencies; and members ...
Naming Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Facilities
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-17 · Reports · 2,263 words · PDF available
Congress has the authority to name Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) facilities in honor of individuals. This includes naming a facility, structure, or real property of VA, and a major portion (such...
Understanding NOAA’s “Billion-Dollar Disasters”
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-17 · Resources · 1,282 words · PDF available
Each year, communities across the United States experience loss of life, injuries, and property damage from disasters related to weather and climate. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administratio...
Kazakhstan
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-17 · Resources · 1,532 words · PDF available
Overview Kazakhstan, a U.S. partner in areas such as counterterrorism, regional security, and nuclear nonproliferation, is a strategically situated country with significant hydrocarbon and mineral res...
India-U.S.: Major Arms Transfers and Military Exercises
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-17 · Resources · 1,619 words · PDF available
Since 2008, defense trade has emerged as a major pillar of the U.S.-India security partnership, and bilateral military exercises across all services are now routine. The U.S. Congress designated India...
Social Security Administration (SSA): Announced Restructuring and Other Changes
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-17 · Posts · 994 words · PDF available
The Social Security Administration (SSA) is an independent agency in the executive branch headed by the commissioner of Social Security (COSS). It is responsible for administering Social Security and ...
Uzbekistan
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-17 · Resources · 1,509 words · PDF available
Overview Uzbekistan is a landlocked country in Central Asia that became independent with the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. Because it has the largest population in the region and is the onl...
Trump fails to dampen public support for Ukraine
Brookings Institution · 2025-03-14 · Article · 1,199 words · PDF available
Despite Trump’s actions, the level of overall American public sympathy with Ukraine has not changed since the summer of 2024.
Taking on Trump: Separating the Signal from the Noise
Third Way · 2025-03-14 · Memo · 930 words
We are creating the “Signal Project” to identify the Trump Administration’s actions that are most relevant to key voters and how best to frame those issues. This work—including in-depth public opinion...
Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF): Production Pathways
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-14 · Resources · 1,492 words · PDF available
Many in Congress have expressed an interest in sustainable aviation fuel (SAF)—a nascent industry. SAF may potentially provide market opportunities for both agricultural producers and biofuel producer...
Federal Tax Enforcement: An Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-14 · Resources · 1,719 words · PDF available
Federal tax enforcement involves a series of adverse actions that the government—primarily the Internal Revenue Service (IRS)—can take against a taxpayer to collect taxes owed and to penalize non-comp...
Indigenous Sacred Sites: Overview and Issues for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-14 · Reports · 21,838 words · PDF available
In federal policy discussions, the term sacred site traditionally has been used to describe places of religious or spiritual importance to the Indigenous peoples who originally inhabited the North Ame...
Availability of Legislative Measures in the House of Representatives (The “72Hour Rule”)
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-14 · Reports · 3,731 words · PDF available
House rules govern the length of time legislative measures must be available to Members before being considered on the floor. For measures reported from committee, a draft of the committee report must...
Defense Primer: Department of Defense Classified Funding
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-14 · Resources · 1,474 words · PDF available
Introduction The U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) annual budget submission includes requests for classified funding. In authorizing and appropriating funding for DOD in fiscal year (FY) 2024, Congress...
House Committee on Ethics: A Brief History of Its Evolution and Jurisdiction
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-14 · Reports · 15,498 words · PDF available
The United States Constitution (Article 1, Section 5, clause 1) provides each House of Congress with the sole authority to establish rules, judge membership requirements, and punish and expel Members....
The war in Ukraine is influencing how Taiwanese think about conflict
Brookings Institution · 2025-03-13 · Article · 2,309 words · PDF available
Russia’s war in Ukraine may not be comparable to actions China might take against Taiwan, but Ukraine is an important reference point.
Ukraine and the promise and peril of lawfare
Brookings Institution · 2025-03-13 · Article · 1,617 words · PDF available
The Ukraine government’s legal mobilization at multiple international fora reveals both the promise and peril of lawfare.
Introduction to Derivatives and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-13 · Reports · 10,472 words · PDF available
Derivatives are financial instruments that come in several different forms, including futures, options, and swaps. A derivative is a contract that derives its value from some underlying asset at a des...
Section 301 and China: Shipping and Shipbuilding Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-13 · Resources · 1,723 words · PDF available
Title III of the Trade Act of 1974 (Sections 301-310, codified at 19 U.S.C. §§2411-2420) is referred to as “Section 301.” It is one of the principal statutory means by which the United States enforces...
Yemen: Terrorism Designation, U.S. Policy, and Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-13 · Resources · 1,774 words · PDF available
On January 22, 2025, President Donald Trump signed executive order (E.O.) 14175 initiating a process for the redesignation of the Yemeni Shia Islamist group Ansar Allah (Arabic for “the Partisans of G...
Qatar: Issues for the 119th Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-13 · Reports · 15,423 words · PDF available
The State of Qatar is a small, energy-rich emirate strategically located near the center of the Persian Gulf. Defense and diplomatic cooperation have anchored close U.S.-Qatari relations: Qatar hosts ...
Executive Order 14210: Using Agency Shutdown Plans to Inform Reductions in Force (RIFs)
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-13 · Posts · 992 words · PDF available
As part of his plans to downsize the federal workforce, on February 11, 2025, President Trump issued Executive Order 14210, titled “Implementing the President’s Department of Government Efficiency’ Wo...
Land and Water Conservation Fund (LWCF): Frequently Asked Questions
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-13 · Resources · 1,641 words · PDF available
What Is the Land and Water Conservation Fund? The Land and Water Conservation Fund Act of 1965 (LWCF Act; 54 U.S.C. §§200301 et seq.) was enacted to help preserve, develop, and ensure access to outdo...
Hindu Holidays: Fact Sheet
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-13 · Reports · 1,524 words · PDF available
Hinduism (or Sanatana Dharma) is the third-largest religion in the world behind Christianity and Islam, with nearly 1 billion adherents. According to the Pew Research Center, about 1% of Americans sel...
What Beijing wants from a US-China trade war
Brookings Institution · 2025-03-12 · Article · 1,637 words
Beijing’s overriding goal is for the United States to stay out of its way as it accrues power, wealth, and influence.
Federal Requirements on Private Health Insurance Plans
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-12 · Reports · 14,870 words · PDF available
A majority of Americans have private health insurance. Broadly, private health insurance includes group plans (largely made up of employer-sponsored insurance) and nongroup plans (i.e., plans a consum...
U.S. Extended Deterrence and Regional Nuclear Capabilities
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-12 · Resources · 1,710 words · PDF available
One of the stated goals of U.S. nuclear weapons policy is to extend deterrence to over 30 U.S. “allies and partners” and assure these countries that the United States will come to their aid, including...
H5N1 Avian Influenza: The Human Health Response
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-12 · Resources · 1,814 words · PDF available
Since early 2022, a U.S. H5N1 avian influenza (“bird flu”) outbreak in poultry and wild birds has led to outbreaks in dairy herds. Increasing cases of transmission from animals to humans occurred in 2...
The Federal Reserve’s Mandate: Policy Options
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-12 · Resources · 1,710 words · PDF available
The Federal Reserve (Fed) is responsible for monetary policy, which it conducts mainly by setting short-term interest rates to alter economic activity. (For more information, see CRS In Focus IF11751,...
The History and Status of the Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs (OFCCP)
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-12 · Resources · 1,434 words · PDF available
The Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs (OFCCP) is an agency in the U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) created in 1965 to ensure that employers conducting business with the federal government c...
Can China fill the void in foreign aid?
Brookings Institution · 2025-03-11 · Article · 1,667 words · PDF available
With the U.S. significantly downsizing its foreign aid, a key question is whether China will exploit the opportunity and fill the void.
Navigating market and political uncertainties in the age of energy transition
Brookings Institution · 2025-03-11 · Article · 85,778 words · PDF available
Energy supply—and the inputs to energy production—is and will continue to be intertwined with geopolitics.
Deferred Resignation or “Fork in the Road”: Selected Relevant Legal Challenges and Considerations for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-11 · Posts · 2,315 words · PDF available
On January 28, 2025, federal employees received an email communicating an option to resign from their positions effective September 30, 2025, by replying to the email. This new program—referred to as ...