Policy Library

6,587 documents

The Senate’s Executive Calendar
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-20 · Reports · 1,504 words · PDF available
Treaties and nominations constitute the executive business of the Senate and are the subjects of the Senate’s Executive Calendar. When a Senate committee reports a treaty or nomination, it is said to ...
National Opioid Litigation: Settlement Agreements as of January 2025
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-19 · Posts · 3,301 words · PDF available
According to data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, over a million Americans have died of opioid-involved overdoses since 1999, with deaths rising by 67% between 2017 and 2023. This...
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Natural Gas Permitting and Litigation
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-19 · Reports · 11,048 words · PDF available
Under the Natural Gas Act (NGA), companies seeking to build interstate natural gas pipelines or liquefied natural gas (LNG) import or export terminals need authorization from the Federal Energy Regula...
Meat, Poultry, and Egg Product Labeling
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-19 · Reports · 9,643 words · PDF available
Food labels provide information that consumers can use to make educated choices about the products they purchase. The original intent of food labeling has broadened from ensuring that consumers were n...
A Snapshot of Federal Student Loan Debt
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-19 · Resources · 1,420 words · PDF available
After years of increasing, growth in the number of federal student loan borrowers, average annual amounts borrowed, and average cumulative debt owed appears to be moderating, and among some measures, ...
Foreign Direct Investment: Background and Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-19 · Resources · 1,693 words · PDF available
Both outward and inward foreign direct investment (FDI) are significant to the U.S. economy, international trade, and global supply chains. The United States is the world’s largest source and recipien...
U.S. Health Care Coverage and Spending
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-19 · Resources · 1,378 words · PDF available
In 2023, the United States had an estimated population of 330 million individuals. Most of those individuals had private health insurance or were covered under a federal program (such as Medicare or M...
The Census Bureau Director
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-19 · Resources · 1,289 words · PDF available
Introduction On February 14, 2025, Director of the Census (informally known as the Census Bureau director) Robert Santos resigned from his position as director. Santos was nominated by then-President ...
FEMA and Personally Identifiable Information (PII)
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-19 · Posts · 1,038 words · PDF available
Some Members of Congress have expressed concern about the Department of Government Efficiency’s (DOGE’s) access to the Federal Emergency Management Agency’s (FEMA’s) program data, some of which includ...
Health Insurance Premium Tax Credit and Cost-Sharing Reductions
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-19 · Reports · 7,036 words · PDF available
Certain individuals without access to subsidized health insurance coverage may be eligible for the premium tax credit (PTC). The PTC was established under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Ac...
John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts: Recent Events and Background
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-18 · Resources · 795 words · PDF available
Recent Events On February 7, 2025, the President announced through social media his intention to terminate an unspecified number of the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts (Kennedy Center) ...
President Reagan’s Six Assurances to Taiwan
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-18 · Resources · 1,722 words · PDF available
Introduction Under the U.S. “one-China” policy, the U.S. government has, since 1979, maintained official relations with the People’s Republic of China (PRC, or China) and unofficial relations with sel...
The Section 45Z Clean Fuel Production Credit
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-18 · Resources · 1,634 words · PDF available
P.L. 117-169, commonly known as the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA), added the clean fuel production credit (CFPC) to Section 45Z of the Internal Revenue Code (IRC). The credit may be claimed by taxpaye...
TikTok: Frequently Asked Questions and Issues for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-18 · Reports · 18,092 words · PDF available
Since 2018, the social media application TikTok, developed and owned by ByteDance Ltd. (ByteDance), has become one of the most popular social media platforms in the United States, and has raised overs...
The H-1B Visa for Specialty Occupation Workers
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-18 · Resources · 1,641 words · PDF available
The H-1B visa allows U.S. employers to temporarily hire foreign workers into specialty occupation positions (i.e., those requiring specialized knowledge and a college degree). The H-1B visa is a nonim...
Points of Order Limiting the Contents of Reconciliation Legislation: In Brief
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-18 · Reports · 1,884 words · PDF available
Reconciliation is an optional procedure that operates as an adjunct to the budget resolution process. It is generally intended to implement the fiscal and budgetary policies agreed to in the budget re...
Small Business Administration HUBZone Program
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-14 · Reports · 11,286 words · PDF available
The Historically Underutilized Business (HUBZone) program provides certified small businesses located in areas with low income, high poverty, or high unemployment with contracting opportunities in the...
Electricity: Overview and Issues for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-14 · Reports · 5,540 words · PDF available
Electricity is of perennial interest to Congress, especially the policy issues of reliability, security, affordability, and greenhouse gas emissions. The electricity sector is made of up three distinc...
Infrastructure Spending and the District
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-14 · Resources · 1,630 words · PDF available
The federal government invests in many types of physical infrastructure that are, with the exception of federal water resource projects, predominantly owned by state and local governments or privately...
U.S. Department of Education: Background and Statutorily Established Officers, Positions, and Offices
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-14 · Reports · 5,731 words · PDF available
The U.S. Department of Education (ED) was established by the Department of Education Organization Act (DEOA, P.L. 96-88) on October 17, 1979, to “ensure that education issues receive proper treatment ...
Organ Procurement and Transplantation: Administration, Oversight, and Policy Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-14 · Reports · 16,116 words · PDF available
In 2022, while there were over 42,000 organ transplants being done in the United States, there were still 103,327 people on the organ transplant wait list. The U.S. organ transplant system comprises m...
The Hazardous Substance Superfund Trust Fund
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-14 · Resources · 1,811 words · PDF available
Decades of industrial and commercial activities involving various chemicals resulted in environmental contamination at thousands of sites in the United States, including federal facilities that served...
Voter Registration Records and List Maintenance for Federal Elections
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-13 · Reports · 13,637 words · PDF available
Each state except North Dakota requires voter registration as a prerequisite for voting in federal elections. The accuracy of voter registration records is often considered important for election admi...
Reductions in Force (RIFs): An Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-13 · Resources · 1,599 words · PDF available
Introduction In the federal government, layoffs are referred to as reduction in force (RIF) actions, as authorized under current law (5 U.S.C. §§3501-3504). When an agency eliminates positions, RIF re...
Advances in Satellite Methane Emissions Measurement
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-13 · Resources · 1,760 words · PDF available
This In Focus discusses the role of evolving satellite technologies, their ability to monitor methane and identify large-scale emissions events, and how data from these detection technologies fit into...
Searching for Federal Grants: An Overview of Resources
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-13 · Resources · 1,572 words · PDF available
The diverse range of federal grant programs can be challenging to navigate. Congress has authorized over 1,800 federal grant programs to support national goals and objectives, and federal grant fundin...
Trump Administration Executive Order on California Water Resources
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-13 · Posts · 1,018 words · PDF available
On January 24, 2025, the Trump Administration issued Executive Order 14181 (E.O.), “Emergency Measures to Provide Water Resources in California and Improve Disaster Response in Certain Areas,” which i...
Artificial Intelligence: CRS Products
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-12 · Posts · 745 words · PDF available
Advances in artificial intelligence (AI) technologies—including machine learning, generative AI, and facial recognition technologies—are demonstrating many potential benefits across a variety of secto...
Elder Financial Exploitation
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-12 · Posts · 1,035 words · PDF available
Elder financial exploitation (EFE), as defined by the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN), is “the illegal or improper use of an older adult’s funds, property, or assets.” EFE can deprive se...
Rescission of Executive Order 11246, “Equal Employment Opportunity”: Legal Implications
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-12 · Posts · 2,806 words · PDF available
On January 21, 2025, President Trump signed Executive Order 14173, entitled “Ending Illegal Discrimination and Restoring Merit-Based Opportunity.” The executive order (EO) states as one of its purpose...
Congressional Commission on the U.S. Strategic Posture
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-12 · Resources · 1,587 words · PDF available
Congress plays an important role in U.S. nuclear weapons policy through funding and oversight of U.S. strategic military capabilities and related programs carried out by the Department of Defense (DOD...
Contempt Actions in the 118th Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-12 · Resources · 1,860 words · PDF available
During the 118th Congress, the House of Representatives and the Senate both undertook actions related to contempt of Congress. The Senate referred a witness to the Department of Justice (DOJ) for cont...
Section 301 and China: The U.S.-China Phase One Trade Deal
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-12 · Resources · 1,839 words · PDF available
On January 15, 2020, then-President Donald J. Trump signed a trade agreement with then-Vice Premier Liu He of the People’s Republic of China (PRC, or China). The agreement sought to resolve some long-...
Access to Agency Data and Information Technology: Frequently Asked Questions
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-12 · Reports · 8,524 words · PDF available
Congressional interest in the information technology (IT) that generates, stores, manipulates, transmits, and disposes of data used by federal agencies has increased since the beginning of the 119th C...
Mongolia
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-12 · Resources · 1,604 words · PDF available
Overview Mongolia is a landlocked country that shares borders with two powerful neighbors, Russia and the People’s Republic of China (PRC, or China). With a population of about 3.3 million and a land ...
Social Media: Regulatory, Legal, and Policy Considerations for the 119th Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-11 · Resources · 1,700 words · PDF available
Social media platforms enable users to create and share content and interact with other users’ content. A diverse set of platforms disseminate information to billions of people, and are used by most A...
The Native American Housing Assistance and Self-Determination Act (NAHASDA)
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-11 · Resources · 1,290 words · PDF available
American Indians and Alaska Natives living in tribal areas face a number of housing challenges. These include a greater incidence of housing problems—such as overcrowded or physically inadequate housi...
National Monuments and the Antiquities Act
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-11 · Reports · 14,276 words · PDF available
The Antiquities Act of 1906 (54 U.S.C. §§320301-320303) authorizes the President to proclaim national monuments on federal lands that contain historic landmarks, historic and prehistoric structures, o...
Health Savings Accounts (HSAs)
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-11 · Reports · 15,876 words · PDF available
A health savings account (HSA) is a tax-advantaged account that individuals can use to save and pay for unreimbursed medical expenses (e.g., deductibles, co-payments, coinsurance, and services not cov...
China’s Economy: Current Trends and Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-11 · Resources · 1,760 words · PDF available
The government of the People’s Republic of China (PRC or China) reports that China’s real gross domestic product (GDP) grew by 5% in 2024. While the PRC government has sought to restrict negative comm...
Kinship Care
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-11 · Infographics · 292 words · PDF available
/ 2.8 Million Children in theUnited States Live in Kinship Care What is kinship care? Children who do not live with their parents but whose grandparents, other relatives, or close family friends prov...
Reliance on Treasury Department and IRS Tax Guidance
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-11 · Resources · 1,843 words · PDF available
The Department of the Treasury (Treasury) and Internal Revenue Service (IRS) use several forms of guidance to help taxpayers understand the Internal Revenue Code (IRC) and to inform taxpayers of Treas...
Birthdays of George Washington and Abraham Lincoln: Fact Sheet
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-11 · Reports · 1,403 words · PDF available
Washington’s Birthday, often informally called Presidents’ Day, is a federal holiday celebrating the birth of President George Washington on the third Monday in February. In some regions of the United...
Federal Workforce Downsizing: Voluntary and Involuntary Mechanisms
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-10 · Posts · 1,048 words · PDF available
The second Trump Administration has stated plans to downsize the federal workforce, which it has indicated may involve actions in which individuals’ employment with federal agencies is ended (referred...
Impacts of Federal Grants and Other Funds on State and Local Budgets
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-10 · Posts · 1,037 words · PDF available
Together, state and local governments received more than $1 trillion in federal grants and other funds each fiscal year from FY2021 to FY2023 the most recent years for which final data is available. T...
Recent White House Actions on Immigration
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-10 · Posts · 4,453 words · PDF available
Since taking office on January 20, 2025, President Trump and his Administration have issued numerous executive actions and initiatives related to the enforcement of federal immigration laws. These act...
Congressional Court Watcher: Circuit Splits from January 2025
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-10 · Posts · 1,226 words · PDF available
The U.S. Courts of Appeals for the thirteen “circuits” issue thousands of precedential decisions each year. Because relatively few of these decisions are ultimately reviewed by the Supreme Court, the ...
Federal Assessments and Warnings of Potential Post-Fire Debris Flows: Examples from the January 2025 Los Angeles County Wildfires
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-10 · Posts · 1,057 words · PDF available
Starting on January 7, 2025, a series of damaging wildfires impacted Los Angeles (LA) County, CA. As the fires are extinguished and weather conditions change, state and local officials are increasingl...
Federal Role in Voter Registration: The National Voter Registration Act of 1993 (NVRA) and Subsequent Developments
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-07 · Reports · 15,135 words · PDF available
Historically, most aspects of election administration have been left to state and local governments, resulting in a variety of practices across jurisdictions with respect to voter registration. States...
Registered Apprenticeship: Federal Role and Recent Federal Efforts
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-07 · Reports · 8,514 words · PDF available
Apprenticeship is a workforce development strategy that trains a worker for a specific occupation using a structured combination of paid on-the-job training and related instruction. Increased costs fo...