Policy Library

7,020 documents

High Intensity Drug Trafficking Areas (HIDTA) Program
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-04 · Resources · 1,629 words · PDF available
Administered by the White House’s Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP), the HIDTA program provides assistance to law enforcement agencies—at the federal, state, local, and tribal levels—that...
Iran: Congressional Reporting Requirements
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-04 · Reports · 7,513 words · PDF available
Congress has mandated that the executive branch provide it with significant amounts of information related to Iran via singular and recurring reporting requirements. Iran-related issues about which Co...
“Sanctuary” Jurisdictions: Policy Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-04 · Resources · 1,620 words · PDF available
Overview Some state and local jurisdictions have adopted policies that limit their cooperation with federal agencies charged with immigration enforcement. These “sanctuary” policies, which have been ...
Sequestration as a Budget Enforcement Process: Frequently Asked Questions
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-04 · Reports · 1,829 words · PDF available
A sequester provides for the automatic cancellation of previously enacted spending, making largely across-the-board reductions to nonexempt programs, activities, and accounts. Sequestration is current...
FEMA Individual Assistance Programs: An Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-03 · Reports · 11,271 words · PDF available
Following a presidential declaration of emergency or major disaster under the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (Stafford Act; P.L. 93-288, as amended; 42 U.S.C. §§5121 e...
AUKUS and Indo-Pacific Security
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-03 · Resources · 1,507 words · PDF available
In 2021, Australia, the United Kingdom (UK), and the United States announced a trilateral security partnership intended to “deepen diplomatic, security, and defense cooperation in the Indo-Pacific reg...
FEMA’s Individuals and Households Program (IHP)—Implementation and Considerations for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-03 · Reports · 38,371 words · PDF available
The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) may provide several forms of assistance, if authorized, pursuant to a presidential declaration of emergency or major disaster under the Robert T. Staffor...
Expiring Provisions of P.L. 115-97 (the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act): Economic Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-03 · Reports · 13,360 words · PDF available
Most provisions affecting the individual income tax in the 2017 tax law (P.L. 115-97), commonly called the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA), are scheduled to expire in 2025. These expiring provisions incl...
NIH Indirect Costs Policy for Research Grants: Recent Developments
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-03 · Posts · 1,160 words · PDF available
On February 7, 2025, the National Institutes of Health (NIH), an agency of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), published supplemental policy guidance that instituted a 15% indirect cost...
A Brief Overview of FEMA’s Individual Assistance Program
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-03 · Resources · 1,521 words · PDF available
Following an incident, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) may implement the Individual Assistance (IA) program to assist disaster survivors when the President authorizes such assistance pu...
Debt Limit Policy Questions: What Are the Potential Economic Effects of a Binding Federal Debt Limit?
Congressional Research Service · 2025-03-03 · Reports · 3,835 words · PDF available
Federal law prohibits the “face amount of obligations whose principal and interest are guaranteed by the United States Government” from exceeding the statutory debt limit (31 U.S.C. §3101). The Depart...
How unchecked AI could trigger a nuclear war
Brookings Institution · 2025-02-28 · Article · 1,501 words
When facing the possibility of nuclear war, human beings exhibit a level of thoughtfulness and compassion that AI might not possess.
History, Evolution, and Practices of the President’s State of the Union Address: Frequently Asked Questions
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-28 · Reports · 5,600 words · PDF available
The State of the Union address is a communication from the President to Congress in which the chief executive reports on the current condition of the United States and provides policy proposals for th...
Wildfire and the Budget in the 119th Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-28 · Resources · 1,352 words · PDF available
The increasing extent of—and damage caused by—wildfire in the United States over the last 20 years has led to questions about the federal government’s role in funding wildfire preparedness, suppressio...
Measuring the Impacts of the H-1B Visa Program on U.S. Labor Markets: Two Recent Quasi-Experimental Studies
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-28 · Resources · 1,585 words · PDF available
The H-1B visa program, created by the Immigration Act of 1990 (P.L. 101-649), allows U.S. employers to hire temporary foreign workers in specialty occupations requiring a college degree. Many H-1B wor...
Farm Bill Primer: Animal Disease Management and Prevention
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-28 · Resources · 1,620 words · PDF available
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) estimates that animal agriculture is expected to account for $272 billion of production by U.S. farms and ranches in 2024, 53% of the total value of U.S. agri...
Romania: Background and U.S. Relations
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-28 · Reports · 11,041 words · PDF available
Romania is a country in southeastern Europe with a population of nearly 20 million. After the end of communist rule in Romania in 1989, the United States and Romania developed close bilateral relation...
Pell Grant Program: Major Congressional Proposals
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-28 · Reports · 8,072 words · PDF available
The Federal Pell Grant program is the largest program providing need-based grant aid to postsecondary students. In FY2023, the program made $31 billion in grant aid available to approximately 6.5 mill...
The Committee Markup Process in the House of Representatives
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-28 · Reports · 13,469 words · PDF available
The purpose of a committee markup is to determine whether a bill or draft bill should be recommended to the full House and, if so, in what form. At the beginning of a markup, committee members often m...
Price-Anderson Act: Nuclear Power Industry Liability Limits and Compensation to the Public After Radioactive Releases
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-28 · Resources · 1,699 words · PDF available
Since the establishment of the nuclear power industry in the 1950s, the issue of how to handle nuclear accident liability has been debated often in Congress. From the beginning, it was generally asser...
Federal Regional Commissions and Authorities: Operations
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-28 · Resources · 1,638 words · PDF available
The federal regional commissions and authorities are ten congressionally chartered, federal-state partnerships that were developed to address economic distress in targeted geographic regions. With con...
African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA)
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-28 · Resources · 1,647 words · PDF available
Overview What is AGOA? AGOA (P.L. 106-200, as amended) created a nonreciprocal U.S. trade preference program, also referred to as AGOA, to provide duty-free access to the U.S. market for most exports ...
Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI)
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-28 · Resources · 1,604 words · PDF available
Overview Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) is part of the Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program, commonly known as Social Security. OASDI is a federal social insurance...
Selected Issues in Tax Reform: Dynamic Scoring
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-27 · Resources · 1,784 words · PDF available
Dynamic scoring includes, in projections of revenue effects, indirect changes in tax collections due to the overall growth effects on the economy. If the economy becomes larger due to the tax cut, tax...
Introduction to U.S. Economy: Personal Saving
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-27 · Resources · 1,448 words · PDF available
Personal saving, which includes the saving of households but not of businesses or government, can have a significant impact at both the individual and economy-wide levels in the long and short terms. ...
Unemployment Insurance: Legislative Issues in the 118th Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-27 · Reports · 14,332 words · PDF available
The Unemployment Insurance (UI) system is a joint federal-state partnership that consists of two types of benefits: (1) permanently authorized programs including the Unemployment Compensation (UC) and...
Introduction to U.S. Economy: Personal Income
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-27 · Resources · 1,264 words · PDF available
What Is Income? Income is a measure of resources accruing to an individual over a period of time. In general, individuals receive income from their labor, assets, and government transfers. In its broa...
Introduction to U.S. Economy: Fiscal Policy
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-27 · Resources · 1,559 words · PDF available
What Is Fiscal Policy? Fiscal policy is the means by which the government adjusts its budget balance through spending and revenue changes to influence broader economic conditions. According to mainst...
State Criminal Alien Assistance Program (SCAAP): Data Brief
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-27 · Reports · 1,172 words · PDF available
State Criminal Alien Assistance Program, SCAAP
Current Employment Survey Benchmark Revisions
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-26 · Resources · 1,478 words · PDF available
On February 7, 2025, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) released annual “benchmark” revisions to official estimates of national-level nonfarm employment from April 2023 through October 2024. These r...
Letters of Marque and Reprisal (Part 1): Introduction and Historical Context
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-26 · Posts · 1,249 words · PDF available
Article I, Section 8, Clause 11 of the Constitution authorizes Congress to “grant letters of Marque and Reprisal[,]” which are instruments that permit private citizens to seize enemy vessels and their...
Letters of Marque and Reprisal (Part 2): Drafting History and U.S. Practice
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-26 · Posts · 1,469 words · PDF available
Article I, Section 8, Clause 11 of the Constitution authorizes Congress to “grant letters of Marque and Reprisal[,]” which are instruments that permit private citizens to seize enemy vessels and their...
Section 117 of the Higher Education Act: Reporting of Foreign Gifts and Contracts
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-26 · Resources · 1,536 words · PDF available
Section 117 of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (HEA, P.L. 89-329, as amended) establishes foreign gift and contract reporting requirements for certain domestic public and private institutions that (1...
Distribution of Retirement Account Balances: Analysis of the 2022 Survey of Consumer Finances
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-26 · Resources · 1,089 words · PDF available
Introduction Households rely on a variety of income sources in retirement, such as payments from Social Security and defined benefit (DB) pensions, assets in defined contribution (DC) plans and indivi...
Termination by the U.S. Department of Transportation of New York City’s Central Business District Tolling Program
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-26 · Resources · 1,720 words · PDF available
Congress has prohibited tolling of federal-aid highways and passed a series of exceptions to the prohibition. One such exception is the Value Pricing Pilot Program (VPPP). On November 21, 2024, the Fe...
India’s Domestic Political Setting
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-26 · Resources · 1,817 words · PDF available
Overview India, the world’s most populous country, is, according to its Constitution, a “sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic” where the bulk of executive power rests with the prime mini...
Supplemental Security Income (SSI)
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-26 · Resources · 1,491 words · PDF available
Overview Supplemental Security Income (SSI) is a federal assistance program that provides monthly cash payments to older adults and individuals with qualifying disabilities who have income and resourc...
Executive Actions and Federal Contracting with Small Disadvantaged Businesses
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-26 · Posts · 993 words · PDF available
Contracting Goal Origins Since 1988, the federal government has maintained minimum annual goals for contracting with “small disadvantaged businesses” (SDBs). At that time, Congress required that SDBs ...
Trump Administration Deactivates the National Law Enforcement Accountability Database
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-26 · Posts · 1,012 words · PDF available
The National Law Enforcement Accountability Database (NLEAD) was a centralized repository of official records documenting instances of misconduct related to federal law enforcement officers (LEOs) tha...
Côte d’Ivoire
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-25 · Resources · 1,557 words · PDF available
Côte d’Ivoire, the world’s top cocoa producer, has a rapidly growing economy and has been a rising U.S. security partner in the region. Of the $161 million in U.S. bilateral assistance allocated in FY...
The Impoundment Control Act of 1974: Background and Congressional Consideration of Rescissions
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-25 · Reports · 8,739 words · PDF available
Under the U.S. Constitution, Congress exercises the “power of the purse.” This power is expressed through the application of several provisions, particularly Article I, Section 9, clause 7, which stat...
International Discussions Concerning Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-25 · Resources · 1,551 words · PDF available
Lethal autonomous weapon systems (LAWS), or weapons designed to independently select and engage targets without the need for manual human control, could enable military operations in communications-de...
FY2025 NDAA: Department of Defense Acquisition Policy
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-25 · Posts · 1,852 words · PDF available
The Defense Acquisition System (DAS) develops and maintains the process through which the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) develops and buys goods and services from contractors. The process is based o...
The Mojahedin-e-Khalq (MEK) or People’s Mojahedin Organization of Iran (PMOI)
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-25 · Reports · 3,184 words · PDF available
The Mojahedin-e-Khalq or MEK (also known as the People’s Mojahedin Organization of Iran, or PMOI) is an exiled Iranian opposition group. This report provides background on the group, including its ori...
Medicaid’s Institution for Mental Diseases (IMD) Exclusion
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-25 · Resources · 1,765 words · PDF available
Medicaid is a joint federal-state program that finances the delivery of primary and acute medical services, as well as long-term services and supports, for a diverse low-income population, including c...
Women’s History Month Speech Resources: Fact Sheet
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-25 · Reports · 1,030 words · PDF available
Women’s History Month commemorates the contributions of American women. March was first designated as Women’s History Month on March 12, 1987, by P.L. 100-9. Since then, Presidents have issued annual ...
Terminal Disclaimers of Patent Rights: Background and Issues for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-24 · Posts · 2,589 words · PDF available
Terminal disclaimers are a legal mechanism that allows a patent holder or applicant to relinquish part of a patent’s term, so that the patent expires earlier than it would without the disclaimer. Whil...
Short-Term Rental Markets: A Primer
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-24 · Resources · 1,747 words · PDF available
Short-term rentals (STR) do not have an official definition but are generally furnished homes or rooms rented for fewer than 30 days, often for tourism or short-term business travel. STRs have a long ...
Introduction to U.S. Economy: Productivity
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-24 · Resources · 1,553 words · PDF available
What Is Productivity? Productivity is broadly defined as the ratio of output to inputs. With respect to the economy, productivity measures how efficiently goods and services can be produced by compari...
Letters of Support for Grant Seekers: Considerations for a Congressional Office
Congressional Research Service · 2025-02-24 · Resources · 1,501 words · PDF available
Congressional Member offices are often approached by constituents who are applying for federal grants and would like the Member to write a letter of support to accompany the application. The handling...