Policy Library

6,587 documents

Budgetary Decisionmaking in Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2024-12-05 · Resources · 1,570 words · PDF available
The Congressional Budget Process The congressional budget process may be better understood as an array of legislative opportunities for affecting the federal budget rather than a linear set of events....
Artemis: NASA’s Program to Return Humans to the Moon
Congressional Research Service · 2024-12-05 · Resources · 1,524 words
Between 1969 and 1972, the Apollo program of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) landed 12 American men on the Moon and returned them safely to Earth (see Figure 1). Since then, n...
Cybersecurity and Digital Health Information
Congressional Research Service · 2024-12-04 · Resources · 1,702 words · PDF available
As the technologies used in health care expand, so too do cybersecurity vulnerabilities. Increasingly, health care actors use electronic health records (EHRs), artificial intelligence (AI) technologie...
Market-Based Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Legislation: 108th Through 118th Congresses
Congressional Research Service · 2024-12-04 · Reports · 24,714 words · PDF available
Members of Congress have expressed a range of perspectives regarding climate change issues and the policy options that address greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. For example, between the 112th Congress a...
Lebanese Hezbollah
Congressional Research Service · 2024-12-04 · Resources · 1,599 words · PDF available
Hezbollah (“Party of God,” also spelled Hizballah) is an Iran-backed Lebanese Shia militia and U.S.-designated Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO). Hezbollah is an Iranian partner force, helping Tehr...
Nicaragua: In Brief
Congressional Research Service · 2024-12-04 · Reports · 6,595 words · PDF available
Background Nicaragua, a Central American country with the second-lowest per capita income in the Western Hemisphere, is currently governed by the authoritarian regime of President Daniel Ortega (1984-...
Patent-Eligible Subject Matter Reform: An Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2024-12-04 · Resources · 1,670 words · PDF available
The U.S. patent system is designed to encourage innovation. The types of inventions that can be patented, however, may affect the patent system’s ability to promote innovation in certain fields, espec...
Research Security Policies: An Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2024-12-04 · Resources · 1,563 words · PDF available
The international scientific community generally views the free and open exchange of information as vital to the process of scientific inquiry, including the vetting of ideas and the verification of r...
CrowdStrike IT Outage: Impacts to Public Safety Systems and Considerations for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2024-12-04 · Resources · 1,578 words · PDF available
On July 19, 2024, CrowdStrike, a U.S. cybersecurity firm, released a software update to their customers. The update caused certain computer systems to crash, disrupting services across several industr...
Types of Private Sector Defined Contribution Plans
Congressional Research Service · 2024-12-04 · Resources · 1,456 words · PDF available
Background A pension is an employer-sponsored benefit that helps workers prepare for their financial security in retirement. The two types of employer-sponsored pension plans are those (1) that provid...
The POWER Initiative: Energy Transition as Economic Development
Congressional Research Service · 2024-12-04 · Reports · 6,466 words · PDF available
With the decline of the U.S. coal industry, managing the economic effects of energy transition has become a priority for the federal government. The Partnerships for Opportunity and Workforce and Econ...
Columbia River Treaty
Congressional Research Service · 2024-12-03 · Reports · 8,445 words · PDF available
The Columbia River Treaty (CRT or Treaty) is an international agreement between the United States and Canada for the cooperative development and operation of the water resources of the Columbia River ...
The Child Care and Development Block Grant: In Brief
Congressional Research Service · 2024-12-03 · Reports · 8,138 words · PDF available
The Child Care and Development Block Grant Act of 1990 (CCDBG Act, as amended) is the main federal law governing child care programs for low-income working families. The CCDBG Act authorizes discretio...
Pricing and March-In Rights Under the Bayh-Dole Act
Congressional Research Service · 2024-12-03 · Resources · 1,707 words · PDF available
To promote the utilization of inventions arising from federally supported research and development (R&D), Congress enacted the Patent and Trademark Act Amendments of 1980 (P.L. 96-517, as amended; com...
Funding the State Administration of Unemployment Compensation (UC) Benefits
Congressional Research Service · 2024-12-03 · Resources · 1,488 words · PDF available
Background: A Joint Federal-State Program The Unemployment Compensation (UC) program is constructed as a joint federal-state partnership providing temporary and partial wage replacement to involuntari...
Presidential Transitions: Security Clearance Background Investigations
Congressional Research Service · 2024-12-03 · Resources · 1,422 words · PDF available
The security clearance process is designed to determine the trustworthiness of an individual prior to granting him or her access to classified national security information. Only federal entities may ...
H5N1 HPAI Continues to Spread in Dairy Herds
Congressional Research Service · 2024-12-03 · Resources · 1,594 words · PDF available
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) confirmed a strain (H5N1) of highly pathogenic avian influen...
Selected Issues in Tax Policy: Section 199A Deduction for Pass-Through Business Income
Congressional Research Service · 2024-12-03 · Resources · 1,666 words · PDF available
The 2017 tax revision (P.L. 115-97, also known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act or TCJA) created a temporary tax deduction for pass-through businesses under Section 199A of the federal tax code. The deduc...
Stun Guns, TASERs, and Other Conducted Energy Devices: Issues for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2024-12-03 · Resources · 1,721 words · PDF available
Conducted Energy Devices (CEDs) are weapons that transmit electroshocks, whether via close contact or projectiles, to incapacitate targeted personnel. Common examples include stun guns and TASERs. Law...
Interagency Working Group (IWG) on Coal and Power Plant Communities and Economic Revitalization Activities, 2023-2024
Congressional Research Service · 2024-12-03 · Posts · 1,042 words · PDF available
Since its inception in 2021, the Interagency Working Group (IWG) on Coal and Power Plant Communities and Economic Revitalization has focused on providing a whole-of-government response and facilitatin...
Congressional Oversight and Investigations
Congressional Research Service · 2024-12-03 · Resources · 1,333 words · PDF available
Congress engages in oversight of the executive branch through the review, monitoring, and supervision of the implementation of public policy. The first Congresses inaugurated these oversight technique...
Laos
Congressional Research Service · 2024-12-02 · Resources · 1,599 words · PDF available
The Lao People’s Democratic Republic (LPDR or Laos) is one of Asia’s poorest nations, and an authoritarian state, led by the Lao People’s Revolutionary Party (LPRP). Political participation is heavily...
Human Rights in China and U.S. Policy
Congressional Research Service · 2024-12-02 · Reports · 27,418 words · PDF available
U.S. concern over human rights in China has been a central issue in U.S. relations with the People’s Republic of China (PRC or China), particularly since the PRC Tiananmen crackdown in 1989. Congress ...
The Impact of the “Securing the Border” Rule on Migrant Encounters and Processing
Congressional Research Service · 2024-12-02 · Posts · 1,045 words · PDF available
In FY2023, enforcement encounters by the Department of Homeland Security’s (DHS’s) Customs and Border Protection (CBP) at the Southwest border reached their highest recorded annual level (2.5 million ...
Political Rebalance in Tokyo and U.S.-Japan Relations
Congressional Research Service · 2024-12-02 · Posts · 1,028 words · PDF available
The U.S.-Japan alliance has been a centerpiece of the United States’ strategy toward the Indo-Pacific region, as the two countries have grown increasingly aligned in responding to the People’s Republi...
Clean Vehicle Tax Credit Transfers to Car Dealers
Congressional Research Service · 2024-12-02 · Resources · 1,588 words · PDF available
In May 2024, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) issued final regulations for transfers of clean vehicle tax credits from consumers to car dealers. The regulations apply to the clean vehicle credit (CV...
Sri Lanka: Background and Issues for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2024-12-02 · Resources · 1,647 words · PDF available
The Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka is a constitutional democracy situated off the southeastern tip of India’s Deccan Peninsula in the heart of the Indian Ocean. Located along key shipping ...
The Dark Web: An Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2024-12-02 · Resources · 1,762 words · PDF available
Many observers of the World Wide Web (web) have described it as having layers. One layer, the surface web, contains indexed content easily accessible with a traditional search engine such as Google. A...
Gene-Edited Plants: Regulation and Issues for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2024-11-30 · Resources · 1,483 words · PDF available
Plant biotechnology, which includes gene editing and genetic engineering, allows a more precise and efficient method for developing desirable traits in crops compared to conventional breeding, which r...
Defense Primer: What Is Irregular Warfare?
Congressional Research Service · 2024-11-29 · Resources · 1,567 words · PDF available
Introduction U.S. military doctrine distinguishes between two types of warfare: traditional warfare and irregular warfare. In Department of Defense (DOD) Joint Publication (JP) 1 Joint Warfighting, co...
Fiji: Background and Issues Facing Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2024-11-29 · Resources · 1,539 words · PDF available
Successive U.S. presidential administrations and some Members of Congress have identified U.S. national security interests in the Pacific Islands, including maintaining free and open waterways, suppor...
Defense Primer: Cyberspace Operations
Congressional Research Service · 2024-11-29 · Resources · 1,465 words · PDF available
Overview The Department of Defense (DOD) defines cyberspace as a global domain within the information environment (IE) consisting of the interdependent networks of information technology infrastructur...
Defense Primer: Operations in the Information Environment
Congressional Research Service · 2024-11-29 · Resources · 1,615 words · PDF available
Information as a Joint Function In 2017, Joint Publication (JP) 1 Doctrine of the Armed Forces of the United States was updated to establish information as the seventh joint function of the military, ...
DOE’s Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) and Carbon Removal Programs
Congressional Research Service · 2024-11-29 · Resources · 1,441 words · PDF available
Federally funded research and development (R&D) on carbon capture and storage (CCS) and carbon removal is supported primarily by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). This In Focus summarizes recent au...
Use of Force in Cyberspace
Congressional Research Service · 2024-11-29 · Resources · 1,845 words · PDF available
Introduction There are presently no internationally accepted criteria for determining whether a nation state cyberattack is a use of force equivalent to an armed attack, which could trigger a military...
Deficits, Debt, and the Debt Limit in 2025
Congressional Research Service · 2024-11-28 · Resources · 1,508 words · PDF available
The Constitution empowers Congress with the authority to manage federal spending, revenues, and borrowing through its “power of the purse.” Deficit outcomes represent the difference between total fede...
The Intelligence Community’s Foreign Malign Influence Center
Congressional Research Service · 2024-11-27 · Resources · 1,516 words · PDF available
FMIC Background General concern over the potential for foreign efforts to manipulate U.S. public opinion and interfere in U.S. elections has grown with the recognition that foreign malign actors are a...
The Evolving Strategy to Combat Transnational Organized Crime
Congressional Research Service · 2024-11-27 · Resources · 1,496 words · PDF available
Over the past several decades, criminal networks have adapted and evolved, posing challenges for federal law enforcement. Transnational organized crime (TOC) is not a singular crime, but is instead a ...
Caribbean Basin Security Initiative
Congressional Research Service · 2024-11-27 · Resources · 1,022 words · PDF available
The United States developed the Caribbean Basin Security Initiative (CBSI), a regional U.S. foreign assistance program, in 2009 through a process of dialogue with Caribbean countries. The initiative s...
Afghan Women and Girls: Status and Congressional Action
Congressional Research Service · 2024-11-27 · Resources · 1,741 words · PDF available
Afghan women and girls live under what is considered to be the world’s most repressive set of restrictions, ranging from Taliban prohibitions on employment and education opportunities to orders for wo...
Considerations for a Federal Criminal Prohibition on Hazing
Congressional Research Service · 2024-11-26 · Posts · 2,676 words · PDF available
A long-standing governmental interest is keeping students safe. One harm befalling students and raising concerns with some lawmakers is hazing—which generally consists of inflicting pain, discomfort, ...
Overview of Dairy Cooperatives
Congressional Research Service · 2024-11-26 · Reports · 6,127 words · PDF available
Fluid milk is a unique agricultural commodity. It is highly perishable, produced on a daily basis, and challenging to store on the farm. As a result, milk must be frequently transported off the farm (...
Immigration Courts: Decline in New Cases at the End of FY2024
Congressional Research Service · 2024-11-26 · Posts · 1,007 words · PDF available
Immigration courts within the U.S. Department of Justice’s (DOJ’s) Executive Office for Immigration Review (EOIR) adjudicate immigration cases; most commonly, formal removal proceedings under Section ...
Marine Debris: NOAA’s Role
Congressional Research Service · 2024-11-26 · Resources · 1,598 words · PDF available
Researchers have found marine debris, especially plastic items, to have some effects on humans, wildlife, and the environment, but the extent of these impacts is currently unclear. Congress has direct...
Marginal Effective Tax Rates on Investment and the Expiring 2017 Tax Cuts
Congressional Research Service · 2024-11-26 · Reports · 10,783 words · PDF available
P.L. 115-97, commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA), made significant changes impacting taxes on new investment. Some provisions enacted by the TCJA, such as a reduction in the corpo...
Russia’s Nuclear and Coercive Signaling During the War in Ukraine
Congressional Research Service · 2024-11-26 · Posts · 1,031 words · PDF available
Since the start of Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, Russian President Vladimir Putin has invoked—and the Russian military has demonstrated—Russia’s strategic capabilities to d...
Legislative Evolution of U.S. Secret Service
Congressional Research Service · 2024-11-26 · Reports · 6,701 words · PDF available
Counterfeiting of U.S. currency after the Civil War and attacks against political leaders provided the impetus for the formation of the U.S. Secret Service, a federal agency established through Presid...
The Congressional Budget Resolution: Frequently Asked Questions
Congressional Research Service · 2024-11-26 · Reports · 6,182 words · PDF available
The Congressional Budget Act of 1974 (the Budget Act) provides for the adoption of a concurrent resolution on the budget by April 15 each year for the fiscal year beginning October 1. By writing a bud...
Disclosure of International Travel by Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2024-11-26 · Resources · 1,311 words · PDF available
International travel by Members of Congress and their staffs is an issue of long-standing interest among the public, media outlets, and Members. Questions regarding the purposes, destinations, and cos...
Defense Primer: FY2024 Department of Defense Audit Results
Congressional Research Service · 2024-11-25 · Resources · 1,557 words · PDF available
The Chief Financial Officers Act of 1990 (P.L. 101-576) requires annual audits of financial statements for federal executive agencies, among other requirements. Under the act, audits of federal agenci...