Policy Library

7,020 documents

Cuba: U.S. Policy Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2025-01-08 · Resources · 1,716 words · PDF available
Cuba is a one-party authoritarian state with a government that has sharply restricted freedoms of expression, association, assembly, and other basic human rights since shortly after the 1959 Cuban Rev...
There's more to skills-based hiring than just removing degree requirements
Brookings Institution · 2025-01-07 · Article · 3,305 words · PDF available
Skills-based hiring isgaining momentumas a strategy to open up hiring processes. This is driven by a laudable goal: to create more economic opportunities for Americans without college degrees, who rep...
Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania: Background and U.S.-Baltic Relations
Congressional Research Service · 2025-01-07 · Reports · 11,597 words · PDF available
Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, often referred to as the Baltic states, are democracies and close U.S. allies. Strong U.S. relations with these three states are rooted in history. The United States ne...
FY2025 NDAA: Summary of Funding Authorizations
Congressional Research Service · 2025-01-07 · Posts · 1,456 words · PDF available
Of the $895.2 billion requested in the FY2025 President’s budget for discretionary activities within the national defense budget function, approximately $883.7 billion fell within the scope of propose...
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP): Benefit Theft Through Electronic Benefit Card Skimming
Congressional Research Service · 2025-01-07 · Posts · 997 words · PDF available
SNAP provides federally funded benefits (not the same as cash) on Electronic Benefits Transfer (EBT) cards to eligible households to purchase eligible food items from authorized retailers. The Consoli...
Democracy and Human Rights in U.S. Foreign Policy: Evolution, Tools, and Considerations for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2025-01-07 · Reports · 22,975 words · PDF available
U.S. law declares the promotion and protection of democracy, human rights, and fundamental freedoms to be “principal” and “fundamental” goals of U.S. foreign policy. Congress has debated matters of de...
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Civil Works: FAQs on Organization and Efficiency Reviews
Congressional Research Service · 2025-01-07 · Reports · 6,980 words · PDF available
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), within the Department of Defense (DOD), is a public engineering organization with both civil works and military functions. What Are USACE’s Civil Works Roles...
Farm Bill Primer: SNAP and Nutrition Title Programs
Congressional Research Service · 2025-01-07 · Resources · 1,228 words · PDF available
The Nutrition title of the farm bill typically reauthorizes a number of nutrition or domestic food assistance programs, including the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP, formerly the Food...
Disclosure of Federal Tax Return Information to Congressional Committees
Congressional Research Service · 2025-01-07 · Reports · 7,289 words · PDF available
Section 6103 of the Internal Revenue Code establishes that federal tax returns and return information are confidential unless a statute expressly authorizes disclosure. Congress has established some e...
The disengagement gap: Why student engagement isn't what parents expect
Brookings Institution · 2025-01-06 · Article · 14,466 words · PDF available
Transcend and the Center for Universal Education release the findings of an international survey on student disengagement.
Coaching kids to be better learners: An interview with Rebecca Winthrop and Jenny Anderson
Brookings Institution · 2025-01-06 · Article · 2,134 words
As schools across the United States and around the world face persistently high levels of student disengagement and chronic absenteeism, Rebecca Winthrop and Jenny Anderson offer parents a new way of ...
What will happen to the Inflation Reduction Act under a Republican trifecta?
Brookings Institution · 2025-01-06 · Article · 3,796 words · PDF available
Fujii-Rajani and Patnaik examine the possible trajectories of the IRA under a Republican White House, Senate, and House.
Immigration drives the nation’s healthy post-pandemic population growth, new census data show
Brookings Institution · 2025-01-06 · Article · 2,600 words
Immigration continues to invoke heated debates, particularly in light of the incoming Trump administration’s proposed policies regardingimmigration control and deportations, which could sharply reduce...
Abetting competition, restraining Beijing: Recommendations for diplomacy toward China
Brookings Institution · 2025-01-06 · Article · 5,950 words
The challenge in the opening phases of diplomacy with China is to keep Beijing uncertain—neither reassuring it nor driving it to despair.
More Islamist Terror Is Coming. We Are Woefully Unprepared
Heritage Foundation · 2025-01-06 · Commentary · 964 words
COMMENTARY BYJames Jay Carafano@JJCarafanoSenior Counselor to the President and E.W. Richardson FellowJames Jay Carafano is a leading expert in national security and foreign policy challenges.People t...
Politicians Use Inflation To Target American Way of Life
Heritage Foundation · 2025-01-06 · Commentary · 872 words
Don’t blame greed—blame the politicians who control the money supply.Dragon Claws / Getty ImagesKey TakeawaysRon Paul called inflation a “hidden tax” on Americans. Today, politicians use it as a weapo...
Vote Totals Show GOP Faces Major Hurdle To Woo Black Voters: The “Selma Effect”
Heritage Foundation · 2025-01-06 · Commentary · 1,071 words
COMMENTARY BYDelano Squires@DelanoSquiresResearch Fellow, DeVos Center for Human FlourishingDelano is a Research Fellow in The Heritage Foundation’s Richard and Helen DeVos Center for Human Flourishi...
Another Complete Unknown Is Pete Seeger’s Communism
Heritage Foundation · 2025-01-06 · Commentary · 1,228 words
COMMENTARY BYMike Gonzalez@GundisalvusAngeles T. Arredondo E Pluribus Unum Senior FellowMike is the Angeles T. Arredondo E Pluribus Unum Senior Fellow at The Heritage Foundation.Bob Dylan in concert ...
Ivy League Faculties Fail the “Sodom and Gomorrah” Test of Having 10 Righteous Inhabitants
Heritage Foundation · 2025-01-06 · Commentary · 457 words
COMMENTARY BYJay P. Greene, PhD@jaypgreeneSenior Research Fellow, Center for Education PolicyJay P. Greene is a Senior Research Fellow in The Heritage Foundation’s Center for Education Policy.Blair Ha...
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Heritage Foundation · 2025-01-06 · Commentary · 68 words
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The North Atlantic Treaty: U.S. Legal Obligations and Congressional Authorities
Congressional Research Service · 2025-01-06 · Posts · 2,468 words · PDF available
On July 21, 1949, the Senate passed a resolution giving its advice and consent to the ratification of the North Atlantic Treaty, the multilateral collective security agreement that established the Nor...
The Presidential Inaugural Parade: Past Practices and Congressional Considerations
Congressional Research Service · 2025-01-06 · Resources · 1,169 words · PDF available
Every four years, following the swearing-in ceremony, inaugural address, and congressional luncheon at the U.S. Capitol, the newly sworn in President traditionally travels to the White House and obser...
Supporting America’s Children and Families Act (H.R. 9076)
Congressional Research Service · 2025-01-06 · Posts · 1,097 words · PDF available
The Supporting America’s Children and Families Act (H.R. 9076) was signed by the President on January 4, 2025. The bill passed the House on September 18, 2024, by a vote of 405-10 and was approved in ...
FTC Revives Enforcement of the RobinsonPatman Act
Congressional Research Service · 2025-01-06 · Posts · 3,700 words · PDF available
On December 12, 2024, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) sued Southern Glazer’s Wine and Spirits (Southern), the largest U.S. distributor of wine and spirits, alleging that the company violated the Ro...
Jimmy Carter: Electoral Context and Background on Campaign Finance and Elections Policy
Congressional Research Service · 2025-01-06 · Posts · 1,088 words · PDF available
James Earl “Jimmy” Carter, Jr., the 39th President of the United States and former Georgia Governor, died on December 29, 2024. As Congress prepares for a state funeral, this CRS Insight discusses sel...
Congressional Court Watcher: Circuit Splits from December 2024
Congressional Research Service · 2025-01-06 · Posts · 1,092 words · PDF available
The U.S. Courts of Appeals for the thirteen “circuits” issue thousands of precedential decisions each year. Because relatively few of these decisions are ultimately reviewed by the Supreme Court, the ...
Presidential State Funerals: Past Practices and Current Considerations
Congressional Research Service · 2025-01-06 · Posts · 967 words · PDF available
On December 29, 2024, former President James Earl “Jimmy” Carter, Jr. died. In the tradition of past presidential deaths, President Carter will receive a state funeral (designated as a National Specia...
The TRIO Programs: A Primer
Congressional Research Service · 2025-01-06 · Reports · 14,749 words · PDF available
The TRIO programs are the primary federal programs providing support services to disadvantaged students to promote achievement in postsecondary education. Although there are now six distinct TRIO prog...
Considering Legislation on the House Floor: Common Practices in Brief
Congressional Research Service · 2025-01-06 · Reports · 3,944 words · PDF available
The House of Representatives considers legislation under different sets of procedures. Because the House follows certain procedures frequently, the types of questions Members will vote on, as well as ...
Defense Primer: The NDAA Process
Congressional Research Service · 2025-01-06 · Resources · 1,549 words · PDF available
The National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) provides authorization of appropriations for the Department of Defense (DOD), nuclear weapons programs of the Department of Energy, and other defense-rela...
Defense Primer: Navigating the NDAA
Congressional Research Service · 2025-01-06 · Resources · 1,465 words · PDF available
The annual National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) has a history of regular passage. FY2025 marked the 64th consecutive fiscal year for which an annual defense authorization was enacted. Many policy...
Global Human Rights: Security Forces Vetting (“Leahy Laws”)
Congressional Research Service · 2025-01-06 · Resources · 1,885 words · PDF available
The “Leahy Laws” prohibit U.S. assistance to foreign security force units when there is credible information that the unit has committed a “gross violation of human rights” (GVHR). Pursuant to the law...
Law Enforcement and Technology: The “Lawful Access” Debate
Congressional Research Service · 2025-01-06 · Resources · 1,610 words · PDF available
Technological advances present both opportunities and challenges for U.S. law enforcement. For example, some developments have increased the quantity and availability of digital content and informatio...
Adverse Effect Wage Rate (AEWR) Methodology for Temporary Employment of H-2A Nonimmigrants in the United States
Congressional Research Service · 2025-01-06 · Resources · 1,519 words · PDF available
Introduction The H-2A visa program allows for the temporary admission of foreign workers to the United States to perform agricultural labor or services of a seasonal or temporary nature. (See CRS Repo...
Defense Primer: Budgeting for National and Defense Intelligence
Congressional Research Service · 2025-01-06 · Resources · 1,517 words · PDF available
Introduction Intelligence Community (IC) programs include the resources (i.e., money and manpower) to accomplish intelligence-related goals and responsibilities as defined by the United States Code (U...
Greenhouse Gas Mitigation: CRS Products
Congressional Research Service · 2025-01-06 · Reports · 2,224 words · PDF available
Members of Congress have historically expressed a range of perspectives regarding climate change issues. Legislative proposals have included carbon pricing frameworks (e.g., carbon taxes or cap-and-tr...
Introduction to Financial Services: The Federal Reserve
Congressional Research Service · 2025-01-06 · Resources · 1,739 words · PDF available
Structure of the Federal Reserve The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 created the Federal Reserve (Fed) as the nation’s central bank. The Fed is composed of 12 regional Federal Reserve banks overseen by a ...
Suspension of the Rules in the House: Principal Features
Congressional Research Service · 2025-01-06 · Reports · 928 words · PDF available
Suspension of the rules is a procedure that the House of Representatives often uses on the floor to act expeditiously on legislation. This procedure is governed primarily by clause 1 of House Rule XV....
Defense Primer: National and Defense Intelligence
Congressional Research Service · 2025-01-06 · Resources · 1,349 words · PDF available
The Intelligence Community (IC) is responsible for providing insight into actual or potential threats to the U.S. homeland, the American people, and national interests at home and abroad. It aims to d...
China Primer: China’s Political System
Congressional Research Service · 2025-01-03 · Resources · 1,078 words · PDF available
Introduction The People’s Republic of China (PRC or China) is the only Communist Party-led state among either the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council or the members of the G-...
Russia’s Foreign Intelligence Services
Congressional Research Service · 2025-01-03 · Resources · 1,542 words · PDF available
Russia has an extensive foreign intelligence system composed of several overlapping agencies that compete for bureaucratic, political, and often economic influence within the Russian government. Russi...
Tax-Exempt Organizations Under Internal Revenue Code Section 501(c): Political Activity Restrictions
Congressional Research Service · 2025-01-03 · Reports · 11,725 words · PDF available
The ability of tax-exempt organizations under 26 U.S.C. § 501(c) to engage in political activity, such as campaign activity and lobbying, depends on the nature of the organization. For example, the ch...
Taiwan Presidents’ U.S. Transit Visits
Congressional Research Service · 2025-01-03 · Resources · 1,708 words · PDF available
Introduction Since 1994, five sitting presidents of Taiwan have undertaken a combined 30 trips abroad that have included transit stops in the United States. U.S. policy since 1995 has been to bar Taiw...
Overview of the FY2025 Federal Budget Projections
Congressional Research Service · 2025-01-03 · Posts · 1,143 words · PDF available
Congressional deliberations continue over federal discretionary funding for the rest of FY2025. This Insight gives a high-level overview of the federal budget using Congressional Budget Office (CBO) c...
The PREP Act and COVID-19, Part 2: The PREP Act Declaration for COVID-19 Countermeasures
Congressional Research Service · 2025-01-03 · Posts · 2,207 words · PDF available
To encourage the expeditious development and deployment of medical countermeasures during a public health emergency, the Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act (PREP Act) authorizes the Secre...
Social Security Childhood Disability Benefits: Proposals in the 118th Congress: In Brief
Congressional Research Service · 2025-01-03 · Reports · 4,382 words · PDF available
During the 118th Congress, Members of Congress introduced legislation that would have changed certain eligibility criteria for childhood disability benefits—a type of Social Security benefit available...
Drone Encounters Prompt Calls for Restrictions and Other Protections
Congressional Research Service · 2025-01-03 · Posts · 1,031 words · PDF available
In October 2024, it was reported that suspected formations of drones had flown in airspace near Langley Air Force Base and naval facilities in Norfolk, VA, over multiple days. According to other repor...
What the nation told us in 2024, state by state
Brookings Institution · 2025-01-02 · Article · 1,699 words
Brookings senior fellow E.J. Dionne breaks down the results of the 2024 election and how much of a mandate it gives Trump.
President-elect Trump’s short coattails
Brookings Institution · 2025-01-02 · Article · 1,414 words
President-elect Trump's success at the top of the ticket didn't necessarily translate to candidates winning down ballot.
Nominee Financial Disclosure During a Presidential Transition
Congressional Research Service · 2025-01-02 · Resources · 1,000 words · PDF available
Every four years, the United States conducts a presidential election. In instances where a transition from one presidential Administration to another occurs, one of the President-elect’s tasks is to f...