Policy Library

6,587 documents

Sri Lanka’s Watershed Election
Congressional Research Service · 2024-10-07 · Posts · 1,011 words · PDF available
Anura Kumara Dissanayake, popularly known as “AKD,” was sworn in as Sri Lanka’s ninth executive president on September 23. He is Sri Lanka’s first president not associated with one of the country’s tw...
The Small Business Administration’s State Trade Expansion Program
Congressional Research Service · 2024-10-07 · Resources · 1,625 words
American small businesses regularly export to international markets, contributing to both domestic and global economies by trading with approximately 95% of the world population living outside the Uni...
Overview of Continuing Appropriations for FY2025 (Division A of P.L. 118-83)
Congressional Research Service · 2024-10-07 · Reports · 9,961 words
On September 26, 2024, the President signed H.R. 9747—the Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2025—into law as P.L. 118-83. Division A of the act provides continuing appropriations for all 1...
Federal Support for Reproductive Health Services: Frequently Asked Questions
Congressional Research Service · 2024-10-04 · Reports · 58,483 words · PDF available
Federal support for reproductive health services—preventive, diagnostic, and treatment services related to reproductive systems, functions, and processes—is administered in different ways, largely bec...
Energy Permitting Reform Act of 2024: Electricity Provisions
Congressional Research Service · 2024-10-04 · Posts · 991 words · PDF available
On July 22, 2024, the chair and ranking member of the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee released draft text for a permitting reform bill; the next day, S. 4753—the Energy Permitting Reform...
Congressional Court Watcher: Circuit Splits from September 2024
Congressional Research Service · 2024-10-04 · Posts · 2,309 words · PDF available
The U.S. Courts of Appeals for the 13 “circuits” issue thousands of precedential decisions each year. Because relatively few of these decisions are ultimately reviewed by the Supreme Court, the U.S. C...
Israel and Hamas Conflict In Brief: Overview, U.S. Policy, and Options for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2024-10-04 · Reports · 8,187 words · PDF available
Since October 7, 2023, Israel has been at war with the Palestinian Sunni Islamist group Hamas (a U.S.-designated foreign terrorist organization, or FTO), which led an attack that day from the Gaza Str...
A Binding Debt Limit: Background and Possible Consequences
Congressional Research Service · 2024-10-04 · Reports · 33,177 words · PDF available
In September 2024, gross federal debt was about $35.3 trillion. Debt limit episodes have been a recurring feature of federal fiscal policy since 2001, when federal budget deficits returned after four ...
District Court Ruling on DOT Disadvantaged Business Enterprise Program
Congressional Research Service · 2024-10-04 · Posts · 982 words · PDF available
Awarding a preliminary injunction, a federal district court ruled in Mid-America Milling Company v. United States Department of Transportation that the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) Disadvan...
Deferred Maintenance and Repair at Civilian Agencies: Causes, Risks, and Policy Options
Congressional Research Service · 2024-10-04 · Reports · 11,408 words · PDF available
Federal civilian agencies own more than 285,000 buildings and structures, which have been acquired over time to help the government achieve its objectives. As these assets age, their component systems...
Marketing and Pricing in the U.S. Fruit and Vegetable Industry
Congressional Research Service · 2024-10-04 · Reports · 14,799 words · PDF available
Pandemic-era supply chain disruptions and higher input and operating costs have contributed to increased market volatility and higher consumer and producer prices for fruits and vegetables since 2020....
Hurricane Rapid Intensification: In Brief
Congressional Research Service · 2024-10-04 · Reports · 3,383 words · PDF available
Hurricanes and other tropical cyclones cause destruction and fatalities in the United States and around the world. In recent years, the media and meteorologists have concentrated on the phenomenon of ...
U.S. Marine Corps Force Design Initiative: Background and Issues for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2024-10-03 · Reports · 6,237 words · PDF available
On March 23, 2020, the U.S. Marine Corps (USMC) announced a major force design initiative referred to as “Force Design 2030,” which is now known as “Force Design.” As part of this initiative, intended...
Introduction to U.S. Economy: Business Investment
Congressional Research Service · 2024-10-03 · Resources · 1,477 words · PDF available
What Is Business Investment? Business investment is spending by private businesses and nonprofits on physical capital—long-lasting assets used to produce goods and services. Physical capital is genera...
Introduction to U.S. Economy: Consumer Spending
Congressional Research Service · 2024-10-03 · Resources · 1,483 words · PDF available
Consumer spending is a key driver of short-run economic growth in the U.S. economy. This In Focus provides an overview of consumer spending, summarizes recent trends, describes its relationship with t...
Dual-Use Solar Photovoltaics: Emerging Applications and Issues for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2024-10-03 · Reports · 16,139 words · PDF available
Solar photovoltaics (PV) is one potential renewable energy technology that may help the United States achieve its carbon reduction goals and commitments. However, solar PV uses more land per megawatt ...
Hurricane Helene Recovery: Brief Overview of FEMA Programs and Resources
Congressional Research Service · 2024-10-03 · Posts · 1,030 words · PDF available
Introduction Before midnight on September 26, 2024, Hurricane Helene made landfall as a Category 4 major hurricane in northwestern Florida in the Big Bend area of the Gulf Coast, later bringing heavy ...
Defense Primer: Senior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps
Congressional Research Service · 2024-10-03 · Resources · 1,608 words · PDF available
Background The Senior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (SROTC)—more commonly referred to as the Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC)—is an officer training and scholarship program for postsecondary...
Federal Election Results: Frequently Asked Questions
Congressional Research Service · 2024-10-03 · Reports · 6,206 words · PDF available
States, territories, and the District of Columbia (DC) administer federal elections. Each of these jurisdictions has its own process for counting votes and declaring election winners, though all follo...
Hydrogen Production: Overview and Issues for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2024-10-03 · Reports · 12,971 words · PDF available
Various hydrogen production methods, or pathways, can use energy to extract hydrogen from feedstocks such as fossil fuels, biomass, and water. Hydrogen molecules can then be used in functional purpose...
Trade Remedies: Antidumping and Countervailing Duties
Congressional Research Service · 2024-10-03 · Resources · 1,394 words · PDF available
Overview What are they? Antidumping (AD) and Countervailing Duties (CVD) address unfair trade practices by providing relief to U.S. industries and workers that are “materially injured,” or threatened ...
Introduction to U.S. Economy: The Business Cycle and Growth
Congressional Research Service · 2024-10-03 · Resources · 1,527 words · PDF available
On July 19, 2021, the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), an independent, nonprofit research group, announced that economic activity in the United States reached a post-COVID-19 pandemic onse...
State Minimum Wages: An Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2024-10-03 · Reports · 15,262 words · PDF available
The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), enacted in 1938, is the federal law that establishes the general minimum wage that must be paid to all covered, nonexempt workers employed in a state or territory ...
Motions to Proceed to Consider Measures in the Senate: Who Offers Them?
Congressional Research Service · 2024-10-03 · Reports · 11,026 words · PDF available
The Senate generally cedes to its majority leader the prerogative of calling up items of business for floor consideration. Most measures are brought to the floor by unanimous consent, but when this co...
Capital Markets: Public and Private Securities Offerings
Congressional Research Service · 2024-10-02 · Reports · 17,228 words
U.S. capital markets are the largest and considered to be the most efficient in the world. Companies rely heavily on capital access to fund growth and create jobs. As the principal regulator of U.S. c...
Copyright and Uses of Music by Political Campaigns
Congressional Research Service · 2024-10-02 · Resources · 1,840 words · PDF available
During election seasons, news stories often report of musicians and songwriters objecting to uses of their music by political campaigns. Sometimes, these artists send cease-and-desist letters, threate...
Implications of the European Union Deforestation Regulation
Congressional Research Service · 2024-10-02 · Resources · 1,714 words · PDF available
Many people have expressed concerns about global deforestation (the conversion of forest for non-forest uses) and forest degradation (the conversion of primary forests to other forest types). Forests ...
The Purple Heart: Background and Issues for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2024-10-02 · Reports · 8,205 words · PDF available
The Purple Heart is one of the oldest and most recognized American military medals, awarded to servicemembers who were killed or wounded by enemy action. The conflicts 2001 to the present have greatly...
Monuments and Memorials Authorized and Completed Under the Commemorative Works Act in the District of Columbia
Congressional Research Service · 2024-10-02 · Reports · 8,743 words · PDF available
Since the enactment of the Commemorative Works Act (CWA) in 1986, Congress has authorized 48 commemorative works to be placed in the District of Columbia or its environs. Twenty-four of these works ha...
Agricultural Conservation: FY2023 and FY2024 Appropriations
Congressional Research Service · 2024-10-01 · Reports · 6,183 words
The Agriculture appropriations bill funds the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) except for the U.S. Forest Service. The FY2023 Consolidated Appropriations Act (P.L. 117-328, Division A) and the FY...
Central America: Policy Options Following Expiration of Targeted Sanctions Authority
Congressional Research Service · 2024-10-01 · Resources · 1,470 words · PDF available
On December 27, 2023, a targeted sanctions authority created by Congress to respond to corruption and democratic backsliding in four Central American countries (Figure 1) expired along with any visa r...
Disaster Recovery Funding for Military Facilities on Guam
Congressional Research Service · 2024-10-01 · Posts · 997 words · PDF available
Overview In May 2023, a category-four typhoon struck the U.S. territory of Guam, causing damage to U.S. Navy and U.S. Air Force facilities, cutting power lines, and disrupting water supplies for some ...
FY2025 NDAA: Accelerating Technology Transitions
Congressional Research Service · 2024-10-01 · Posts · 1,404 words · PDF available
The Defense Department seeks technological advantages to obtain battlefield overmatch, deter potential enemies, and contribute to decisive U.S. military victory. Underpinning U.S. technological advant...
Federal Habeas Corpus: An Abridged Sketch
Congressional Research Service · 2024-10-01 · Reports · 5,886 words · PDF available
Federal habeas corpus is a procedure under which a federal court may review the legality of an individual’s incarceration. It is most often the stage of the criminal appellate process that follows dir...
Federal Student Loan Forgiveness and Loan Repayment Programs
Congressional Research Service · 2024-10-01 · Reports · 41,698 words · PDF available
Service-contingent student loan forgiveness and loan repayment programs enable borrowers to have all or part of their student loan debt forgiven or repaid in exchange for work or service in specific f...
Blue-Slipping: Enforcing the Origination Clause in the House of Representatives
Congressional Research Service · 2024-10-01 · Reports · 2,683 words · PDF available
Article I, Section 7, clause 1, of the U.S. Constitution is known generally as the Origination Clause because it requires that All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representat...
The Port Strike’s Effect on Maritime Commerce
The strike by port dockworkers (commonly called longshoremen) at East and Gulf Coast ports has raised concerns about the economic impact should the strike last more than a few days. The International ...
The Origination Clause of the U.S. Constitution: Interpretation and Enforcement
Congressional Research Service · 2024-10-01 · Reports · 13,361 words · PDF available
Article I, Section 7, clause 1, of the U.S. Constitution is known as the Origination Clause because it provides that “All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives.” Th...
Congressional Rules and Practices Concerning User Fees and Other Nonrevenue Collections in the Federal Budget
Congressional Research Service · 2024-10-01 · Reports · 4,026 words · PDF available
The collection of funds to finance the operations of the federal government is a fundamental part of federal budgeting and the policymaking process. Although the power to “lay and collect taxes, dutie...
Federal Habeas Corpus: A Legal Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2024-10-01 · Reports · 25,446 words · PDF available
Federal habeas corpus is a procedure under which a federal court may review the legality of an individual’s incarceration. It is most often the stage of the criminal appellate process that follows dir...
Defense Primer: Army Multi-Domain Operations (MDO)
Congressional Research Service · 2024-10-01 · Resources · 1,419 words
As an operational concept, Multi-Domain Operations (MDO) influence what types of weapon systems and equipment the Army procures, what types and numbers of soldiers are needed, the organizational struc...
Defining Recession
Congressional Research Service · 2024-09-30 · Resources · 1,641 words · PDF available
Over time, an economy fluctuates between periods of above- and below-average short-term growth. These fluctuations are referred to as the economy’s “business cycle.” As the economy moves through the b...
The Declare War Clause, Part 1: Overview and Introduction
Congressional Research Service · 2024-09-30 · Posts · 1,204 words · PDF available
This Legal Sidebar is the first installment in an eight-part series that discusses the Declare War Clause in Article I, Section 8, Clause 11 of the Constitution, which grants Congress the power “To de...
The Declare War Clause, Part 2: Historical Background, Drafting, and Ratification
Congressional Research Service · 2024-09-30 · Posts · 2,803 words · PDF available
This Legal Sidebar is the second part of an eight-part series that discusses the Declare War Clause in Article I, Section 8, Clause 11 of the Constitution, which grants Congress the power “To declare ...
The Declare War Clause, Part 3: Authorizations for Use of Military Force and Debate over Initiating Military Action
Congressional Research Service · 2024-09-30 · Posts · 1,557 words · PDF available
This Legal Sidebar is the third part of an eight-part series that discusses the Declare War Clause in Article I, Section 8, Clause 11 of the Constitution, which grants Congress the power “To declare W...
Fact Sheet: Congressional Votes in Response to the Russia-Ukraine War
Congressional Research Service · 2024-09-30 · Reports · 4,289 words · PDF available
On February 24, 2022, Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine. In response, Congress has considered legislation related to the conflict, including, for example, funding and assistance to Ukra...
The Declare War Clause, Part 4: Jurisprudence and Practice and Early American Conflicts
Congressional Research Service · 2024-09-30 · Posts · 1,372 words · PDF available
This Legal Sidebar is the fourth part of an eight-part series that discusses the Declare War Clause in Article I, Section 8, Clause 11 of the Constitution, which grants Congress the power “To declare ...
FY2025 NDAA: Security Cooperation
Background The U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) broadly defines “security cooperation” (also known as SC) as department interactions with foreign security establishments to build security relationship...
The Declare War Clause, Part 5: The Civil War
Congressional Research Service · 2024-09-30 · Posts · 1,145 words · PDF available
This Legal Sidebar is the fifth part of an eight-part series that discusses the Declare War Clause in Article I, Section 8, Clause 11 of the Constitution, which grants Congress the power “To declare W...
The Declare War Clause, Part 6: The SpanishAmerican War and First and Second World Wars
Congressional Research Service · 2024-09-30 · Posts · 1,670 words · PDF available
This Legal Sidebar is the sixth part of an eight-part series that discusses the Declare War Clause in Article I, Section 8, Clause 11 of the Constitution, which grants Congress the power “To declare W...