Policy Library

6,587 documents

National Park Service: FY2024 Appropriations
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-23 · Resources · 1,432 words · PDF available
The National Park Service (NPS) administers the National Park System, which includes 429 units valued for their natural, cultural, and recreational importance. System lands cover 81 million federal ac...
The July 19th Global IT Outages
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-23 · Posts · 890 words · PDF available
On July 19, 2024, cybersecurity firm CrowdStrike pushed an update to its software that caused some devices running the Windows operating system to crash. The day before, there was a separate outage of...
DOE Hydrogen Program Appropriations: FY2025
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-22 · Resources · 1,579 words · PDF available
The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Hydrogen Program addresses the development of applications that use hydrogen in place of today’s fuels to provide modern energy services. The program also considers...
The Army Clause, Part 1: Overview and Historical Background
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-22 · Posts · 990 words · PDF available
This Legal Sidebar is the first in a five-part series that discusses the U.S. Constitution’s Army Clause, found in Article I, Section 8, clause 12, which authorizes the federal government to raise and...
The Army Clause, Part 2: Drafting and Ratification History
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-22 · Posts · 1,706 words · PDF available
This Legal Sidebar is the second in a five-part series that discusses the Constitution’s Army Clause, which authorizes the federal government to raise and support armies while also allowing for congre...
Israel and Houthis in Yemen: Attacks Highlight Regional Conflict Risks
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-22 · Posts · 1,049 words · PDF available
On July 19, 2024, the Ansar Allah/Houthi movement, an Iran-backed force that controls parts of Yemen, attacked Tel Aviv, Israel (see Figure 1) using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The Israeli gove...
The Army Clause, Part 3: Appropriations, Conscription, and War Materials
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-22 · Posts · 860 words · PDF available
This Legal Sidebar is the third in a five-part series that discusses the Constitution’s Army Clause, which allows for the federal government to raise and support armies while also allowing for congres...
The Army Clause, Part 4: Role in Individual Rights Cases
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-22 · Posts · 751 words · PDF available
This Legal Sidebar post is the fourth in a five-part series that discusses the Constitution’s Army Clause, which authorizes the federal government to raise and support armies while also allowing for c...
The Army Clause, Part 5: Relationship with Principles of Federalism
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-22 · Posts · 982 words · PDF available
This Legal Sidebar is the last installment in a five-part series that discusses the Constitution’s Army Clause, which authorizes the federal government to raise and support armies while also allowing ...
Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF)
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-22 · Resources · 1,716 words · PDF available
In May 2022, the United States and 13 partners launched the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF), the Biden Administration’s first major trade and economic initiative in the region. P...
Xylazine and the Controlled Substances Act: Legal Considerations for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-19 · Posts · 1,545 words · PDF available
Xylazine, sometimes colloquially called “tranq,” is a sedative and analgesic that has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in animals. Xylazine is not approved or intended f...
The Eighth Amendment and Homelessness: Supreme Court Upholds Camping Ordinances in City of Grants Pass v. Johnson
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-19 · Posts · 2,718 words · PDF available
On June 28, 2024, the Supreme Court released its opinion in City of Grants Pass v. Johnson, holding that laws that regulate camping on public property do not violate the Eighth Amendment. The Eighth ...
Access to Motor Vehicle Software and Data
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-19 · Reports · 13,878 words · PDF available
The marketplace of goods and services after the initial sale of a vehicle—including replacement parts, maintenance services, and repair services—is known as the aftermarket. Some industry participants...
Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac: Recent Administrative Developments
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-19 · Reports · 13,362 words · PDF available
Congress chartered Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, also known collectively as the Enterprises, to promote homeownership by providing liquidity to the secondary mortgage market. The Enterprises specificall...
Energy Production on Federal Lands: Leasing and Authorization
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-19 · Reports · 7,792 words · PDF available
Federal lands are a significant source of energy raw materials and electricity production. As a result, some have looked to federal lands as an important factor in addressing questions about energy su...
The Radiation Exposure Compensation Act (RECA): Compensation Related to Exposure to Radiation from Atomic Weapons Testing and Uranium Mining
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-19 · Reports · 6,656 words · PDF available
The Radiation Exposure Compensation Act (RECA) provides one-time benefit payments to persons who may have developed cancer or other specified diseases after being exposed to radiation from atomic weap...
Place-Based Visas: Overview and Issues for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-17 · Resources · 1,734 words · PDF available
The U.S. immigration system operates largely at the federal level, with decisions about how many individuals are admitted to the United States and under what criteria made for the entire nation. Forei...
Harrington v. Purdue Pharma: Supreme Court Holds That a Chapter 11 Reorganization Plan Cannot Include a Nonconsensual Release of Claims Against Non-Debtors
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-17 · Posts · 2,082 words · PDF available
On June 27, 2024, the Supreme Court held in Harrington v. Purdue Pharma that the U.S. Bankruptcy Code does not permit a Chapter 11 reorganization plan to include a release of legal claims against non-...
Architect of the Capitol Appointment Procedure: Evolution and Recent Changes
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-17 · Reports · 8,135 words · PDF available
According to its website, the Architect of the Capitol (AOC) is responsible “for the operations and care of more than 18.4 million square feet of facilities, 570 acres of grounds and thousands of work...
Presidential Disability Under the Twenty-Fifth Amendment: Constitutional Provisions and Perspectives for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-17 · Reports · 16,692 words · PDF available
Sections 3 and 4 of the Twenty-Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution provide for presidential disability or inability. Section 3 of the amendment sets the procedure whereby a President may declare...
Dispute Settlement in the WTO and U.S. Trade Agreements
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-17 · Resources · 1,779 words · PDF available
Since the 1980s, Congress has declared that a principal trade negotiating objective of the United States is the establishment and use of dispute settlement (DS) mechanisms to enforce commitments in U....
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Funding Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-16 · Reports · 6,680 words · PDF available
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) works to protect public health by providing leadership, information, and scientific expertise in preventing and controlling diseases, including out...
Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs: FY2024 Budget and Appropriations
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-16 · Reports · 18,275 words · PDF available
Each year, Congress considers 12 distinct appropriations measures to fund federal programs and activities. One of these is the Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs (SFOPS) app...
Education Department Updates Title IX Regulations: Responding to Sex Discrimination and Harassment at School
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-16 · Posts · 2,819 words · PDF available
Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (Title IX) prohibits sex discrimination in education programs that receive federal financial assistance. In updated regulations, the Department of Educatio...
U.S. Senate Vacancies: How Are They Filled?
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-16 · Resources · 1,698 words · PDF available
Senate Vacancies in the Constitution and State Law Vacancies in the membership of the U.S. Senate can occur as the result of the resignation, death, or expulsion of a Member, or the refusal of the Sen...
Who Protects Whom? Federal Official and Judicial Security and Personal Protective Details
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-16 · Reports · 6,225 words · PDF available
In July 2024, a Pittsburgh-area man attempted to assassinate former President Donald J. Trump at a political rally in Pennsylvania. Attacks against political figures and government officials have been...
Consolidated Interim Storage of Spent Nuclear Fuel: Recent Licensing Decisions
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-15 · Posts · 3,145 words · PDF available
Storage of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) is a topic of perennial interest to Congress. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) has issued three licenses for storage of SNF at privately owned, away-from-rea...
Natural Gas Reliability: Issues for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-15 · Reports · 20,884 words · PDF available
The reliability of the U.S. natural gas system is of growing policy interest in Congress. Until recently, natural gas shortages were relatively rare. However, key stakeholders, especially in the elect...
The Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court (ICC)
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-15 · Infographics · 749 words · PDF available
/ The Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court (ICC) The ICC’s Subject-Matter Jurisdiction. The ICC is authorized to prosecute and try individuals for 4 crimes deemed to be the most ...
Disqualification of a Candidate for the Presidency, Part I: Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment as It Applies to the Presidency
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-15 · Posts · 4,187 words · PDF available
On March 4, 2024, the Supreme Court in Trump v. Anderson reversed the Colorado Supreme Court’s decision in Anderson v. Griswold that former President Trump was ineligible to appear on the state’s prim...
Cabo Verde: In Brief
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-15 · Reports · 5,829 words · PDF available
Cabo Verde, a small island nation of about 611,000 people located off the west coast of Africa, is described by the State Department as “one of Africa’s success stories.” The country has long-standing...
Family Violence Prevention and Services Act (FVPSA)
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-15 · Resources · 1,612 words · PDF available
History of FVPSA Throughout much of the 20th century, domestic violence remained a hidden problem. Survivors (or victims) were hesitant to seek help, primarily because of fear of retaliation by their ...
Global Women’s Issues: Background and Selected U.S. Efforts
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-15 · Resources · 1,630 words · PDF available
For several decades, Congress has considered or enacted legislation aimed at improving the rights and status of women and girls worldwide. These efforts, which may address a range of global issues suc...
Syria and U.S. Policy
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-15 · Resources · 1,680 words · PDF available
Since 2011, conflict between the government of Syrian President Bashar al Asad and opposition forces seeking his removal has displaced roughly half of the country’s population and killed over half a m...
Child Nutrition Reauthorization (CNR): An Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-15 · Resources · 1,300 words · PDF available
Introduction Child nutrition reauthorization (CNR) refers to Congress’s process of making changes to the permanent statutes that authorize the child nutrition programs, the Special Supplemental Nutrit...
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Appropriations: FY2025 President’s Budget Request
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-12 · Resources · 1,267 words · PDF available
Since FY2006, Congress has funded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies appropriations acts. For FY2025, the President requested $10.99 bill...
Supreme Court Allows Emergency Abortions in Idaho but Leaves Litigation Unresolved
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-12 · Posts · 3,806 words · PDF available
On June 27, 2024, the Supreme Court, in a one-sentence, unsigned (per curiam) order accompanied by four concurring and/or dissenting opinions, concluded that it had “improvidently granted” review befo...
Northeast Asia: Key to Liquefied Natural Gas Markets
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-12 · Infographics · 313 words · PDF available
/ Northeast Asia—including China, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan—is the largest liquefied natural gas (LNG) importing region in the world. In 2023, it accounted for approximately 50% of global LNG tra...
Department of Defense Directed Energy Weapons: Background and Issues for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-11 · Reports · 10,029 words · PDF available
Directed energy (DE) weapons use concentrated electromagnetic energy, rather than kinetic energy, to combat enemy forces. Although the United States has been researching directed energy since the 1960...
Inauguration Security and Operations
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-11 · Resources · 1,295 words · PDF available
Introduction Since the ratification of the 20th Amendment (1933), the oath of office for President of the United States has been scheduled to be administered every four years at noon on January 20. In...
From Bill to Law: Stages of the Legislative Process
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-11 · Infographics · 688 words · PDF available
/ Prepared by Valerie Heitshusen (Information as of July 11, 2024. Prepared by Valerie Heitshusen, Specialist on Congress and the Legislative Process, Jennifer E. Manning, Senior Research Librarian, a...
Fischer v. United States: Supreme Court Reads Federal Obstruction Provision Narrowly in Capitol Breach Prosecution
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-10 · Posts · 2,902 words · PDF available
On June 28, 2024, the Supreme Court issued an opinion in Fischer v. United States, a case concerning whether a federal obstruction of justice statute covers a defendant’s alleged participation in the ...
Connecting Charitable Food Assistance Organizations to Federal Funding Information and Resources
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-10 · Reports · 2,978 words · PDF available
This report is intended to help congressional offices respond to grant funding requests from charitable food assistance organizations. It includes relevant federal resources related to food procuremen...
Trade Adjustment Assistance for Firms
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-10 · Resources · 1,571 words · PDF available
The Trade Adjustment Assistance for Firms (TAAF) program helps U.S. firms impacted by import competition to improve their global competitiveness. TAAF is administered by the U.S. Department of Commerc...
U.S. Overseas Basing: Background and Issues for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-10 · Reports · 29,370 words · PDF available
Since World War II, the U.S. military has maintained a large network of overseas bases (that is, military facilities located outside the United States and its territories). Currently, the U.S. Departm...
U.S. Center for SafeSport: A Primer
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-09 · Resources · 1,565 words · PDF available
The U.S. Center for SafeSport (“the Center”) is the primary amateur athletics organization in the United States with responsibility for preventing and responding to sexual and other abuse. Between its...
2024 Presidential Nominating Process: Frequently Asked Questions
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-09 · Reports · 7,830 words · PDF available
The presidential nominating process is one of the most complex aspects of American politics. This report provides brief answers to selected frequently asked questions about that process in 2024. In so...
The Congressional Review Act: The Lookback Mechanism and Presidential Transitions
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-09 · Resources · 1,772 words · PDF available
The Congressional Review Act (CRA, 5 U.S.C. §§801-808) is a tool that Congress can use to overturn federal regulations. Enacted in 1996, the CRA requires that agencies submit covered rules to Congress...
Parliamentary Elections in Mongolia
Mongolia, an important U.S. partner in the Indo-Pacific region, held parliamentary elections on June 28. Sharing borders with Russia and the People’s Republic of China (PRC, or China), Mongolia stands...
CRS Services to District and State Offices: Overview and Selected Resources
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-08 · Resources · 1,278 words · PDF available
The Congressional Research Service (CRS) serves all congressional offices—those on Capitol Hill, as well as those in a Member’s home district or state office. This resource guide provides a brief over...