Policy Library

6,587 documents

Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (July 1–July 7, 2024)
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-08 · Posts · 2,241 words · PDF available
The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to fede...
The United Kingdom’s 2024 Election
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-08 · Posts · 1,030 words · PDF available
The center-left Labour Party won the general election held in the United Kingdom (UK) on July 4, 2024. With 34% of the vote, Labour won 411 seats in the 650-seat House of Commons (lower house of Parli...
Medicare Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-08 · Resources · 1,499 words · PDF available
Medicare is a federal program that pays for covered health care services of qualified beneficiaries. It was established in 1965 under Title XVIII of the Social Security Act to provide health insurance...
The U.S. Sentencing Commission Seeks to Limit the Use of Acquitted Conduct in Federal Sentencing
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-05 · Posts · 2,766 words · PDF available
Consider a defendant who is a part of a group that robs a pharmacy. In a dispute about how to divide up the proceeds, one of the robbers kills another in the group. The defendant is charged both with ...
Presidential Immunity from Criminal Prosecution in Trump v. United States
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-05 · Posts · 3,033 words · PDF available
On July 1, the Supreme Court issued a divided 6-3 opinion in Trump v. United States addressing, for the first time, the existence and scope of a constitutionally based presidential immunity from crimi...
Election Policy Fundamentals: The Secret Ballot
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-05 · Posts · 1,073 words · PDF available
Provisions for a secret ballot appear in all states’ laws or constitutions. Consensus that the ballot should be secret—that voters should not be able to be linked to their selections—is a somewhat rec...
NATO’s July 2024 Washington, DC Summit: In Brief
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-05 · Reports · 6,520 words · PDF available
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization’s (NATO) 2024 summit, marking the alliance’s 75th anniversary, is scheduled to be held in Washington, DC, July 9-11. In addition to highlighting NATO’s past achi...
Core Based Statistical Areas
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-03 · Resources · 1,092 words · PDF available
Core Based Statistical Areas (CBSAs) is the collective term used to refer to metropolitan statistical areas and micropolitan statistical areas, which are delineated by the Office of Management and Bud...
Botswana
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-03 · Resources · 1,681 words · PDF available
Botswana, dubbed “an excellent democratic partner” by the State Department, generally performs well on governance, economic, and human development metrics. The arid, landlocked, and sparsely populated...
Why Is the Federal Reserve Keeping Interest Rates “High for Longer”?
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-03 · Posts · 1,008 words · PDF available
The Federal Reserve (Fed) responded to the post-pandemic spike in inflation by rapidly raising short-term interest rates between 2022 and 2023. Since July 2023, the Fed has maintained a target range o...
Erlinger v. United States: Supreme Court Rules on Jury Determination for Prior Offenses for ACCA Sentencing Purposes
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-02 · Posts · 821 words · PDF available
Introduction Near the end of its term, the Supreme Court in Erlinger v. United States held that the right to a jury trial, complete with proof beyond a reasonable doubt found by a unanimous panel, att...
Bills Affecting Bank Regulators in the 118th Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-02 · Posts · 1,008 words · PDF available
This insight discusses legislation that has been reported or ordered reported by the House Committee on Financial Services and the Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs that would al...
The Twenty-Fifth Amendment: Sections 3 and 4—Presidential Disability
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-02 · Resources · 1,697 words · PDF available
The Twenty-Fifth Amendment, proposed by Congress in 1965 and ratified by the states in 1967, provides for presidential succession, vice presidential vacancies, and presidential disability. Presidentia...
United States v. Bannon: Criminal Contempt of Congress and Bad Faith
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-01 · Posts · 2,411 words · PDF available
On May 10, 2024, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit (D.C. Circuit) decided United States v. Bannon, an appeal of Stephen Bannon’s conviction under the criminal contempt of Congress statute...
Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (June 24–June 30, 2024), Part 1
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-01 · Posts · 2,140 words · PDF available
The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to fede...
Economic Development Programs and Higher Education
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-01 · Resources · 1,501 words · PDF available
Higher education has long been viewed as a tool of economic advancement and security, particularly at the individual level. For example, the Federal Reserve found that in 2023, 87% of survey responden...
Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (June 24–June 30, 2024), Part 2
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-01 · Posts · 3,335 words · PDF available
The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to fede...
Considerations for Implementing Congressionally Directed Spending: How Federal Agencies Administer Earmarks
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-01 · Resources · 1,391 words · PDF available
The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 (P.L. 117-328), and the community projects detailed in the joint explanatory statement, provided approximately $15.3 billion for community project funding (al...
Tribal Self-Determination Authorities
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-01 · Infographics · 610 words · PDF available
/ 1 DOI, "Indian Entities Recognized by and Eligible to Receive Services from the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs," 89 Federal Register 944, January 8, 2024; 2 P.L. 93-638, §3; 3 P.L. 103-413, ...
Veteran Suicide Prevention
Congressional Research Service · 2024-06-28 · Resources · 1,287 words · PDF available
Background Suicide was the 13th leading cause of death in the United States among veterans in 2021, the most recent reporting year. Although suicide rates have increased among the U.S. general populat...
Campus Protests, Federal Funding, and the First Amendment
Congressional Research Service · 2024-06-28 · Posts · 2,809 words · PDF available
Recent protests at college campuses regarding the Israel-Hamas conflict have gained nationwide attention, raising questions as to when authorities may, within the bounds of the First Amendment, take a...
Government Coercion of Private Speech: National Rifle Association (NRA) v. Vullo
Congressional Research Service · 2024-06-28 · Posts · 2,819 words · PDF available
On May 30, 2024, the Supreme Court released its opinion in National Rifle Association (NRA) v. Vullo, a case addressing the First Amendment limitations on coercive government speech. Although the Firs...
Grizzly Bears and the Endangered Species Act
Congressional Research Service · 2024-06-28 · Reports · 17,410 words · PDF available
Grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) are an iconic species that once roamed large swaths of the United States, Canada, and Mexico. In the United States, grizzly bear populations declined in the 19t...
The Impact of Proposed Rescheduling of Marijuana on D.C. Regulatory Authority
Congressional Research Service · 2024-06-28 · Posts · 1,694 words · PDF available
In 2014, voters in the District of Columbia (the “District”) approved Initiative 71, a ballot measure that, as a matter of local D.C. law, repealed the local prohibition on the recreational use of mar...
Supreme Court Overrules Chevron Framework
Congressional Research Service · 2024-06-28 · Posts · 2,068 words · PDF available
In what has the potential to be one of the most consequential decisions in federal administrative law, the Supreme Court on June 28, 2024, overruled Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense C...
The Fair Housing Act (FHA): A Legal Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2024-06-27 · Reports · 15,598 words · PDF available
The Fair Housing Act (FHA) was enacted “to provide, within constitutional limitations, for fair housing throughout the United States.” The original 1968 Act prohibited discrimination on the basis of “...
De Novo Banks: Policy Issues for the 118th Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2024-06-27 · Resources · 1,663 words · PDF available
While the size of the banking system has grown in terms of assets, the number of banks has steadily fallen over the past four decades. For example, in the 1980s, there were more than 18,000 banks. Tod...
Supreme Court Declines to Decide Whether Sixteenth Amendment Requires “Realization” to Tax Income
Congressional Research Service · 2024-06-27 · Posts · 1,330 words · PDF available
On June 20, 2024, the Supreme Court decided Moore v. United States, an appeal challenging a one-time “Mandatory Repatriation Tax” (MRT) on U.S. shareholders of a foreign corporation for accumulated, b...
The Freedom of Information Act (FOIA): A Legal Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2024-06-27 · Reports · 43,025 words · PDF available
Originally enacted in 1966, the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) establishes a three-part system that requires federal agencies to disclose a large swath of government information to the public. Firs...
Military Transition Assistance Program (TAP): Background and Issues for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2024-06-27 · Reports · 6,096 words · PDF available
The U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) estimates that over 200,000 servicemembers (active and reserve component) transition from active duty to civilian life every year, joining a population of about 19...
Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies (THUD) Appropriations for FY2024
Congressional Research Service · 2024-06-26 · Reports · 12,457 words · PDF available
The House and the Senate Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies (THUD) Appropriations subcommittees are charged with providing annual appropriations for the Department of ...
Medication Abortion Access Remains Unchanged as Supreme Court Rejects Legal Challenge on Standing Grounds
Congressional Research Service · 2024-06-26 · Posts · 2,242 words · PDF available
On June 13, 2024, the Supreme Court issued its decision in the consolidated cases U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) v. Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine and Danco Laboratories L.L.C. v. Alliance...
United States Trustee v. John Q. Hammons Fall 2006, LLC: Congressional Intent in Determining Remedies for Violations of the Bankruptcy Clause Uniformity Requirement
Congressional Research Service · 2024-06-26 · Posts · 1,285 words · PDF available
On June 14, 2024, the Supreme Court issued a 6-3 decision in United States Trustee v. John Q. Hammons Fall 2006, LLC that specified the appropriate remedy for individuals affected by the Court’s 2022 ...
Federal Material Witness Statute: A Legal Overview of 18 U.S.C. § 3144
Congressional Research Service · 2024-06-26 · Reports · 6,967 words · PDF available
This is an overview of the law under the federal material witness statute, 18 U.S.C. § 3144, which authorizes the arrest of material witnesses, permits their release under essentially the same bail la...
The Unified Agenda of Federal Regulatory and Deregulatory Actions: An Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2024-06-25 · Resources · 1,397 words · PDF available
Congress frequently delegates rulemaking authority to federal agencies in legislation. Having an early sense of the rules agencies are planning to issue and when they are planning to issue them can he...
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Funding: FY1996-FY2025
Congressional Research Service · 2024-06-25 · Reports · 8,025 words · PDF available
This report details the National Institutes of Health (NIH) budget and appropriations process with a focus on FY2024 and FY2025. NIH is the primary federal agency charged with conducting and supportin...
Postsecondary Education of Native Americans
Congressional Research Service · 2024-06-25 · Resources · 1,385 words · PDF available
Since the nation’s early years, the United States of America has enacted federal policies intended to provide educational opportunities to Indian peoples. The federal government maintains and supports...
Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (June 17–June 23, 2024)
Congressional Research Service · 2024-06-24 · Posts · 3,638 words · PDF available
The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to fede...
International Health Regulations Amendments
Congressional Research Service · 2024-06-24 · Resources · 1,732 words · PDF available
Background Since 1980, outbreaks of new and long-standing infectious diseases have been occurring with increasing frequency and intensity. In response, the World Health Assembly (WHA), the governing b...
D.C. Circuit Limits FOIA’s Consultant Corollary for Members and Staff
Congressional Research Service · 2024-06-24 · Posts · 2,983 words · PDF available
Members of Congress and the executive branch frequently engage in discussions about pending legislative proposals. The frankness of those conversations may depend on the likelihood that the content of...
Defense Primer: Agile Combat Employment (ACE) Concept
Congressional Research Service · 2024-06-24 · Resources · 1,434 words · PDF available
To inform and shape its planning, the U.S. Air Force (USAF) has developed an operational concept known as Agile Combat Employment (ACE). According to the Air Force, ACE is a “proactive and reactive op...
Department of Defense Contractors and Efforts to Mitigate Foreign Influence
Congressional Research Service · 2024-06-24 · Reports · 4,817 words · PDF available
Some U.S. firms, including some Department of Defense (DOD) contractors, receive foreign investment or have other ties to foreign entities, including foreign firms and foreign governments. Some DOD co...
Second Amendment Permits Temporarily Disarming Persons Subject to Domestic Violence Restraining Orders
Congressional Research Service · 2024-06-21 · Posts · 2,347 words · PDF available
In 2023, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit issued an opinion holding 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(8)—which generally prohibits persons subject to certain domestic violence restraining orders from ...
Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science
Congressional Research Service · 2024-06-21 · Resources · 1,176 words · PDF available
The Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science conducts most of the department’s basic research, in fields ranging from nuclear physics to the biological and environmental sciences, and oversees 10 ...
Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Overpayments Due to Earnings
Congressional Research Service · 2024-06-21 · Resources · 1,477 words · PDF available
Supplemental Security Income (SSI) SSI is a means-tested federal assistance program that provides monthly cash payments to older adults and individuals with qualifying disabilities who have income and...
U.S.-Ukraine Bilateral Security Agreement
Congressional Research Service · 2024-06-21 · Posts · 956 words · PDF available
On June 13, 2024, President Biden and Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky signed a 10-year bilateral security agreement during the G7 summit. (Ukraine has signed bilateral security agreements with ...
What Time Is It for the ACCA?: Supreme Court Clarifies When State Drug Offenses Qualify as “Serious Drug Offenses”
Congressional Research Service · 2024-06-20 · Posts · 1,179 words · PDF available
The Armed Career Criminal Act (ACCA) imposes a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment when a person convicted of unlawfully possessing a firearm has three or more prior violent felony or serious drug ...
The Biden Administration’s Proclamation and Rule, Securing the Border, and DHS Operational Constraints
Congressional Research Service · 2024-06-20 · Posts · 1,023 words · PDF available
Citing record high levels of enforcement encounters at the Southwest land border (SWB), President Biden signed a Presidential Proclamation on June 3, 2024, that suspends and limits the entry of certai...
Stafford Act Declarations for Extreme Heat
Congressional Research Service · 2024-06-20 · Posts · 1,022 words · PDF available
The United States has experienced record-setting high temperatures thus far in 2024, continuing a trend observed in 2023—the hottest year on record, according to the National Aeronautics and Space Adm...
The Supreme Court Invalidates the ATF’s Bump-Stock Ban
Congressional Research Service · 2024-06-20 · Posts · 2,735 words · PDF available
Congressional interest in “bump-stock” devices—accessories that allow semiautomatic rifles effectively to mimic the firing capabilities of a fully automatic weapon—grew after authorities discovered th...