Policy Library

7,020 documents

Conveying Unneeded Federal Real Property to Tribal Entities: Background and Issues for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2024-08-02 · Resources · 1,655 words · PDF available
The General Services Administration (GSA) is responsible for the government-wide procurement of federal goods and services and the acquisition, management, and disposal of federal real property. Feder...
Transnational Crime Issues: INTERPOL
Congressional Research Service · 2024-08-02 · Resources · 1,594 words · PDF available
The International Criminal Police Organization (ICPO)-INTERPOL is the world’s largest international police organization. Its purpose is to enable cooperation on crime fighting and prevention matters w...
Chief Information Officers (CIOs): Agency Roles and Responsibilities
Congressional Research Service · 2024-08-01 · Reports · 10,678 words · PDF available
In the course of fulfilling their missions, federal agencies constantly consume, create, use, and store information from a variety of sources, media formats, and technology platforms. In response to c...
Secondary Cockpit Barriers for Airline Aircraft
Congressional Research Service · 2024-08-01 · Resources · 1,890 words · PDF available
For the past two decades, there has been continuing policy interest in enhancing airline in-flight security with secondary cockpit barriers. A secondary cockpit barrier, also known as an installed phy...
Congressional Court Watcher: Circuit Splits from July 2024
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-31 · Posts · 2,286 words · PDF available
The U.S. Courts of Appeals for the thirteen “circuits” issue thousands of precedential decisions each year. Because relatively few of these decisions are ultimately reviewed by the Supreme Court, the ...
Presidential Transitions: A Brief Summary of the Presidential Transition Act
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-31 · Resources · 1,471 words · PDF available
This In Focus provides a brief summary of the provisions of the Presidential Transition Act of 1963, as amended (PTA). For a discussion of the PTA and associated statutes in greater depth, see CRS Rep...
Biodiversity and Conservation in Tanzania
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-31 · Reports · 7,877 words · PDF available
Tanzania is rich in biodiversity and is home to several iconic species, including elephants, lions, black rhinoceros, and giraffes. Tanzania hosts 6 of 25 globally designated biodiversity hotspots and...
Presidential Transitions: Executive Clemency
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-31 · Resources · 1,104 words · PDF available
In Section 2 of the Presidential Transition Act of 1963 (as amended; 3 U.S.C. 102 note), Congress declared that “[t]he national interest requires that [presidential] transitions ... be accomplished so...
Earned Wage Access Products
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-31 · Resources · 1,551 words · PDF available
For many people, the need for cash in between paychecks is a substantial burden. Earned wage access (EWA) products have generally been developed by technology-focused, nonbank financial technology com...
Political-to-Career Conversions (“Burrowing In”)
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-30 · Resources · 1,643 words · PDF available
Some individuals who are serving in appointed (noncareer) positions in the executive branch convert to career positions in the competitive service, the Senior Executive Service (SES), or the excepted ...
Presidential and Federal Records: Transition Considerations
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-30 · Resources · 1,649 words · PDF available
At the conclusion of a presidency, both the President and the Administration have likely generated millions of government records that document the actions and decisionmaking processes of the executiv...
Presidential Transitions: Midnight Rulemaking
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-30 · Resources · 1,693 words · PDF available
Midnight Rulemaking Overview During the final months of presidential Administrations, federal agencies have often increased the pace of their regulatory activities. This phenomenon is often referred t...
Senate Procedures to Confirm Nominees
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-30 · Testimony · 10,466 words · PDF available
Nominations; nominations process; confirmation process; nominees; Senate rules; en bloc; holds; nuclear option; cloture; postcloture; filibuster; confirmation; PAS; rules change; S.Res.15; S.Res.444; ...
The Creation of Presidential Records
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-30 · Infographics · 517 words · PDF available
/ The Creation of Presidential Records Information as of July 30, 2024. Prepared by Meghan M. Stuessy, Analyst in Government Organization and Management, and Jamie Bush, Visual Information Specialist....
Presidential Transitions: Executive Branch Political Appointment Status
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-30 · Resources · 1,060 words · PDF available
The status of incumbent political appointees during presidential transitions has often been of interest to Congress. In some instances, appointees of an outgoing President have continued to serve into...
Executive Orders and Presidential Transitions
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-30 · Resources · 1,544 words · PDF available
Since at least the Administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt, the concept of a President’s first “100 days” has been a touchstone for evaluation of presidential effectiveness and places at least some pr...
Senate Procedures to Confirm Nominees
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-30 · Testimony · 8,438 words · PDF available
Appointments Clause; Officer of the United States; Principal Officer; Inferior Officer; Advice and Consent
The Supreme Court’s Narrow Construction of Federal Criminal Laws: 2023 Term
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-29 · Posts · 1,561 words · PDF available
Criminal law marks a boundary between conduct that society deems permissible and behavior that it deems worthy of punishment. Courts have expressed that those who cross the line may be subject to pena...
Immigration: Grounds of Inadmissibility
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-29 · Resources · 1,845 words · PDF available
Under the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), aliens may be denied admission to the United States or face other adverse immigration consequences if they are inadmissible. (The INA defines an “alien...
Space Resource Extraction: Overview and Issues for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-29 · Reports · 11,659 words · PDF available
Many in Congress have expressed interest in opportunities to extract resources (e.g., oxygen, water, precious metals) from the Moon, Mars, and asteroids—an activity often referred to as space resource...
Australia: Background and U.S. Relations
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-29 · Resources · 1,455 words · PDF available
Overview Australia’s relationship with the United States, forged as allies in all major U.S. wars, remains close. The two countries enjoy close trade, political, cultural, intelligence, and defense re...
Federal Assistance for Wildfire Response and Recovery
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-29 · Resources · 1,561 words · PDF available
Wildfires are unplanned fires. Wildfires may be caused by natural phenomena (i.e., lightning strikes) or by deliberate or accidental human activities. Wildfires occur naturally, and many ecosystems ev...
Federal Interagency Wildfire Response Framework
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-29 · Resources · 1,480 words · PDF available
Wildfires are unplanned fires in vegetated landscapes. Where a wildfire begins determines jurisdiction for wildfire response. Because wildfires often cross jurisdictional boundaries and may impact nea...
Ownership of Retirement Accounts in 2022: Amounts in Defined Contribution Plans and Individual Retirement Accounts
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-29 · Reports · 2,864 words · PDF available
Households rely on a variety of sources for income in retirement. In 2022, about 54% of U.S. households had savings in retirement accounts, which included certain employer-sponsored account-type pensi...
Lame Duck Sessions of Congress, 1935-2022 (74th-117th Congresses)
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-29 · Reports · 15,773 words · PDF available
A “lame duck” session of Congress occurs whenever one Congress meets after its successor is elected but before the end of its own constitutional term. Under present conditions, any meeting of Congress...
Congressional Court Watcher: Federal Appellate Decisions in Recent Years Applying Chevron Deference
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-26 · Posts · 7,517 words · PDF available
In late June 2024, the Supreme Court issued a decision in the consolidated cases of Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo and Relentless, Inc. v. Department of Commerce (collectively referred to as Lop...
Smithsonian Institution: Background, Entities, and Leadership
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-26 · Resources · 1,042 words
Congress created the Smithsonian Institution in 1846, 10 years after it agreed to accept the bequest of James Smithson, an English scientist who died in 1829. Smithson left the bulk of his estate to t...
Timor-Leste: Background and U.S. Relations
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-26 · Resources · 1,537 words · PDF available
Overview Timor-Leste (also known as East Timor), is one of the world’s youngest nation-states, having gained its independence from Indonesia on May 20, 2002. The United States and the U.S. Congress ha...
National Park Service Deferred Maintenance: Overview and Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-25 · Reports · 11,002 words
The National Park Service (NPS) has a multibillion-dollar backlog of deferred maintenance—maintenance that was not performed as scheduled or as needed and was put off to a future time. NPS’s deferred ...
2024 Paris Games: Anti-Doping Policies and Testing
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-24 · Posts · 1,025 words · PDF available
The International Olympic Committee (IOC) and International Paralympic Committee (IPC) were responsible for establishing anti-doping policies and testing regimes for the 2024 Summer Games in Paris. As...
IT Disruptions from CrowdStrike’s Update: Frequently Asked Questions
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-24 · Reports · 2,145 words · PDF available
The use of information technology (IT) across industries has created opportunities for disruptions and vulnerabilities in the supply chain for products and services. The impact of these disruptions ma...
National Park Service: FY2024 Appropriations
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-23 · Resources · 1,432 words · PDF available
The National Park Service (NPS) administers the National Park System, which includes 429 units valued for their natural, cultural, and recreational importance. System lands cover 81 million federal ac...
The July 19th Global IT Outages
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-23 · Posts · 890 words · PDF available
On July 19, 2024, cybersecurity firm CrowdStrike pushed an update to its software that caused some devices running the Windows operating system to crash. The day before, there was a separate outage of...
DOE Hydrogen Program Appropriations: FY2025
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-22 · Resources · 1,579 words · PDF available
The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Hydrogen Program addresses the development of applications that use hydrogen in place of today’s fuels to provide modern energy services. The program also considers...
The Army Clause, Part 1: Overview and Historical Background
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-22 · Posts · 990 words · PDF available
This Legal Sidebar is the first in a five-part series that discusses the U.S. Constitution’s Army Clause, found in Article I, Section 8, clause 12, which authorizes the federal government to raise and...
The Army Clause, Part 2: Drafting and Ratification History
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-22 · Posts · 1,706 words · PDF available
This Legal Sidebar is the second in a five-part series that discusses the Constitution’s Army Clause, which authorizes the federal government to raise and support armies while also allowing for congre...
Israel and Houthis in Yemen: Attacks Highlight Regional Conflict Risks
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-22 · Posts · 1,049 words · PDF available
On July 19, 2024, the Ansar Allah/Houthi movement, an Iran-backed force that controls parts of Yemen, attacked Tel Aviv, Israel (see Figure 1) using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The Israeli gove...
The Army Clause, Part 3: Appropriations, Conscription, and War Materials
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-22 · Posts · 860 words · PDF available
This Legal Sidebar is the third in a five-part series that discusses the Constitution’s Army Clause, which allows for the federal government to raise and support armies while also allowing for congres...
The Army Clause, Part 4: Role in Individual Rights Cases
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-22 · Posts · 751 words · PDF available
This Legal Sidebar post is the fourth in a five-part series that discusses the Constitution’s Army Clause, which authorizes the federal government to raise and support armies while also allowing for c...
The Army Clause, Part 5: Relationship with Principles of Federalism
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-22 · Posts · 982 words · PDF available
This Legal Sidebar is the last installment in a five-part series that discusses the Constitution’s Army Clause, which authorizes the federal government to raise and support armies while also allowing ...
Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF)
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-22 · Resources · 1,716 words · PDF available
In May 2022, the United States and 13 partners launched the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF), the Biden Administration’s first major trade and economic initiative in the region. P...
Xylazine and the Controlled Substances Act: Legal Considerations for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-19 · Posts · 1,545 words · PDF available
Xylazine, sometimes colloquially called “tranq,” is a sedative and analgesic that has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in animals. Xylazine is not approved or intended f...
The Eighth Amendment and Homelessness: Supreme Court Upholds Camping Ordinances in City of Grants Pass v. Johnson
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-19 · Posts · 2,718 words · PDF available
On June 28, 2024, the Supreme Court released its opinion in City of Grants Pass v. Johnson, holding that laws that regulate camping on public property do not violate the Eighth Amendment. The Eighth ...
Access to Motor Vehicle Software and Data
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-19 · Reports · 13,878 words · PDF available
The marketplace of goods and services after the initial sale of a vehicle—including replacement parts, maintenance services, and repair services—is known as the aftermarket. Some industry participants...
Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac: Recent Administrative Developments
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-19 · Reports · 13,362 words · PDF available
Congress chartered Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, also known collectively as the Enterprises, to promote homeownership by providing liquidity to the secondary mortgage market. The Enterprises specificall...
Energy Production on Federal Lands: Leasing and Authorization
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-19 · Reports · 7,792 words · PDF available
Federal lands are a significant source of energy raw materials and electricity production. As a result, some have looked to federal lands as an important factor in addressing questions about energy su...
The Radiation Exposure Compensation Act (RECA): Compensation Related to Exposure to Radiation from Atomic Weapons Testing and Uranium Mining
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-19 · Reports · 6,656 words · PDF available
The Radiation Exposure Compensation Act (RECA) provides one-time benefit payments to persons who may have developed cancer or other specified diseases after being exposed to radiation from atomic weap...
Place-Based Visas: Overview and Issues for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-17 · Resources · 1,734 words · PDF available
The U.S. immigration system operates largely at the federal level, with decisions about how many individuals are admitted to the United States and under what criteria made for the entire nation. Forei...
Harrington v. Purdue Pharma: Supreme Court Holds That a Chapter 11 Reorganization Plan Cannot Include a Nonconsensual Release of Claims Against Non-Debtors
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-17 · Posts · 2,082 words · PDF available
On June 27, 2024, the Supreme Court held in Harrington v. Purdue Pharma that the U.S. Bankruptcy Code does not permit a Chapter 11 reorganization plan to include a release of legal claims against non-...
Architect of the Capitol Appointment Procedure: Evolution and Recent Changes
Congressional Research Service · 2024-07-17 · Reports · 8,135 words · PDF available
According to its website, the Architect of the Capitol (AOC) is responsible “for the operations and care of more than 18.4 million square feet of facilities, 570 acres of grounds and thousands of work...