Policy Library

7,020 documents

The Compacts of Free Association
Congressional Research Service · 2024-04-25 · Resources · 1,681 words · PDF available
Overview The Compacts of Free Association govern the relationships between the United States and the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI), Federated States of Micronesia (FSM), and Republic of Palau...
Contributions to Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs): Fact Sheet
Congressional Research Service · 2024-04-25 · Reports · 1,424 words · PDF available
This Fact Sheet provides data from Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Statistics of Income (SOI) data on taxpayers’ contributions to traditional and Roth Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs) in tax year ...
The Change Healthcare Cyberattack and Response Considerations for Policymakers
Congressional Research Service · 2024-04-24 · Posts · 1,148 words · PDF available
On February 21, 2024, UnitedHealth Group Incorporated disclosed that one of its companies’ units—Change Healthcare—was experiencing a cyberattack. The BlackCat/ALPHV ransomware group—a Russia-linked c...
The Baltimore Bridge Collapseand the Limitation of Liability Act of 1851
Congressional Research Service · 2024-04-24 · Posts · 2,303 words · PDF available
On March 26, 2024, the Dali—a 985-foot container ship—struck a support structure of the Francis Scott Key Bridge in Baltimore, causing the bridge to collapse. As of the time of writing, four people ar...
Ecuador’s April 2024 Plebiscite on Security Measures: Implications for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2024-04-24 · Posts · 1,013 words · PDF available
On April 21, 2024, Ecuador held a plebiscite on 11 proposed reforms that seek to address the country’s ongoing security crisis. According to preliminary results released by Ecuador’s electoral body, v...
India: Human Rights Assessments
Congressional Research Service · 2024-04-24 · Resources · 1,686 words · PDF available
Overview India is a multiparty, federal, parliamentary democracy. As reported by the State Department’s 2023 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices (Human Rights Reports or HRRs), India is the site...
Information Technology Spending in the President’s Budget Submission for FY2025: In Brief
Congressional Research Service · 2024-04-24 · Reports · 3,640 words · PDF available
Government spending on information technology (IT) has evolved from a minor component of the President’s annual budget submission to a dedicated chapter over the past two decades. This evolution refle...
United States Oil
Congressional Research Service · 2024-04-24 · Infographics · 275 words · PDF available
/ United States Oil The United States is currently the largest crude oil producer, petroleum products consumer, and the country with the largest amount of crude oil refining capacity. Integrated with ...
What can be done about the high and rising national debt?
Brookings Institution · 2024-04-23 · Article · 1,210 words
The national debt has potentially dire consequences. Participants at a recent event offered proposals to avoid them.
Recent executive actions have built a more equitable and effective disaster policy. But the rest must come from legislative change.
Brookings Institution · 2024-04-23 · Article · 2,390 words · PDF available
This is the epilogue to asix-part series on federal disaster policy reformspublished in summer 2023. Previous posts outlinedprinciplesfor reform, examinedchangesto the declaration process, recommended...
The Department of Labor’s Proposed Rule on Investment Advice in Private Sector Pension Plans and Individual Retirement Accounts
Congressional Research Service · 2024-04-23 · Reports · 11,453 words · PDF available
Following the enactment of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA; P.L. 93-406), regulations issued in 1975 (“the 1975 rule”) defined investment advice using a five-part test. To b...
USDA Rural Utilities Service’s Support for Tribes and Other Indigenous Entities
Congressional Research Service · 2024-04-23 · Reports · 9,612 words · PDF available
The Rural Utilities Service (RUS) in the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA’s) Rural Development (RD) mission area administers a range of programs that help offset the costs of building and repair...
Fourth Circuit Rules Parochial School’s 501(c)(3) Tax Exemption Does Not Trigger Title IX Obligations
Congressional Research Service · 2024-04-23 · Posts · 2,290 words · PDF available
Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (Title IX) prohibits entities “receiving federal financial assistance” from discriminating based on sex in education programs and activities. The statute a...
Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (April 15–April 21, 2024)
Congressional Research Service · 2024-04-23 · Posts · 1,670 words · PDF available
The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to fede...
The DOJ’s Monopolization Case Against Apple
Congressional Research Service · 2024-04-23 · Posts · 2,988 words · PDF available
On March 21, 2024, the Department of Justice (DOJ), together with 15 states and the District of Columbia, filed a complaint in federal district court accusing Apple of monopolizing smartphone markets ...
Private Credit: Trends and Policy Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2024-04-23 · Resources · 1,434 words · PDF available
Private credit generally refers to a type of lending undertaken by nonbank financial institutions and made to small- and medium-sized private companies that are not publicly traded. As a rapidly growi...
Bank Failures: The FDIC’s Systemic Risk Exception
Congressional Research Service · 2024-04-23 · Resources · 1,855 words · PDF available
When Silicon Valley Bank (SVB) and Signature Bank failed, the Treasury Secretary, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), and the Federal Reserve (Fed) announced on March 12, 2023, that the ...
Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) Expiring Tax Provisions: Economic and Distributional Effects
Congressional Research Service · 2024-04-22 · Resources · 667 words · PDF available
A number of the changes enacted as part of P.L. 115-97, commonly referred to as the “Tax Cuts and Jobs Act” or TCJA, are temporary. Many of these provisions, particularly those affecting individuals a...
EMTALA Emergency Abortion Care Litigation Over Idaho’s Abortion Restriction Heads to the Supreme Court
Congressional Research Service · 2024-04-22 · Posts · 2,701 words · PDF available
On April 24, 2024, the Supreme Court is set to hear oral argument in Moyle v. United States, a case about access to emergency abortion services. Specifically, the case concerns whether the Emergency M...
SBA’s Rural Activities
Congressional Research Service · 2024-04-22 · Resources · 1,634 words · PDF available
The U.S. Small Business Administration’s (SBA’s) mission is to “aid, counsel, assist, and protect” the interests of small businesses. While SBA generally helps small businesses regardless of location,...
Banks’ Unrealized Losses, Part 1: New Treatment in the “Basel III Endgame” Proposal
Congressional Research Service · 2024-04-22 · Posts · 1,069 words · PDF available
On July 27, 2023, the federal banking regulators released a proposed rule that would amend bank capital rules for banks with over $100 billion in assets. The proposal would implement what is popularly...
FY2024 Defense Appropriations: Summary of Funding
Congressional Research Service · 2024-04-22 · Posts · 1,175 words · PDF available
The annual Department of Defense Appropriations Act primarily funds U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) activities except for military construction and family housing programs. It also funds certain acti...
The Biden Administration’s First Student Loan Debt Relief Proposed Rule
Congressional Research Service · 2024-04-22 · Posts · 996 words · PDF available
On April 17, 2024, Secretary of Education Miguel Cardona (the Secretary) published in the Federal Register a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM), describing when the Secretary may waive all or part o...
Access to Criminal History Record Information for Noncriminal Justice Purposes
Congressional Research Service · 2024-04-22 · Resources · 1,746 words · PDF available
In the interest of allowing states to screen people who might work in professions where they would be responsible for caring for vulnerable people or where public safety concerns are implicated, Congr...
Honoring Our PACT Act of 2022 (P.L. 117-168): Expansion of Health Care Eligibility and Toxic Exposure Screenings
Congressional Research Service · 2024-04-19 · Reports · 14,116 words · PDF available
Numerous legislative measures were introduced in the 117th Congress to address the health and disability compensation concerns of veterans potentially exposed to toxic substances during military servi...
Race-Conscious Admissions and Equal Protection in Higher Education
Congressional Research Service · 2024-04-19 · Reports · 10,533 words · PDF available
In its 2023 decision in Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard, the Supreme Court upended decades-old precedent allowing some use of race in higher education admissions, sometimes known as “affirmati...
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: FY2025 Appropriations
Congressional Research Service · 2024-04-19 · Resources · 1,369 words · PDF available
Introduction The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), an agency within the Department of the Interior (DOI), has a mission to conserve, protect, and enhance fish, wildlife, and plants and their habit...
FY2024 Defense Appropriations: Status of Legislative Activity
Congressional Research Service · 2024-04-19 · Posts · 1,057 words · PDF available
On March 23, 2024, Congress enacted the Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2024 as Division A of the Further Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2024 (P.L. 118-47), a package of six appropriations...
Takings Claims in DeVillier v. Texas Awash in Procedural Matters
Congressional Research Service · 2024-04-18 · Posts · 1,378 words · PDF available
In April 2024, the United States Supreme Court issued its opinion in a DeVillier v. Texas, a case brought by landowners who sought compensation for property damage caused by the state. Several years a...
Changes to India’s Citizenship Laws
Congressional Research Service · 2024-04-18 · Resources · 1,731 words · PDF available
Many in Congress have taken interest in human rights and religious freedom in India. In late 2019, India’s parliament passed, and its president signed into law, the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA), 20...
U.S. Repatriation Program for Citizens Returned from Abroad
Congressional Research Service · 2024-04-18 · Resources · 1,781 words · PDF available
Introduction Section 1113 of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. §1313) permanently authorizes the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) to provide temporary aid to certain repatriated U.S...
The Congressional Review Act: Defining a “Rule” and Overturning a Rule an Agency Did Not Submit to Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2024-04-18 · Resources · 1,536 words · PDF available
The Congressional Review Act (CRA, 5 U.S.C. §§801-808) provides Congress with a mechanism to review federal agency actions that meet the CRA’s definition of rule. Enacted in 1996, the CRA requires age...
Abortion and the 2024 election: There is no easy way out for Republicans
Brookings Institution · 2024-04-17 · Article · 1,500 words
Abortion is a significant issue for women, and if recent history is any guide, it could be the deciding issue in 2024.
FISA Section 702 Sunset, Authorization, and Potential Extension
Congressional Research Service · 2024-04-17 · Posts · 1,924 words · PDF available
Title VII of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (FISA)—as amended by the FISA Amendments Act of 2008 (FAA), FISA Amendments Act of 2017, and National Defense Authorization Act for Fisca...
The Paperwork Reduction Act and Federal Collections of Information: A Brief Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2024-04-17 · Resources · 1,609 words · PDF available
Congress enacted the Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA) in 1980 and reauthorized it in 1995 (codified at 44 U.S.C. §§3501-3521) in part to address a concern that the federal government was requiring busine...
Shelter and Services Program (SSP) FY2024 Funding
Congressional Research Service · 2024-04-17 · Posts · 1,035 words · PDF available
On April 12, 2024, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) announced the availability of FY2024 Shelter and Services Program (SSP) grant funding. The SSP funds nonfederal entities providing foo...
3 critical workforce challenges: How would the presidential candidates address them?
Brookings Institution · 2024-04-16 · Article · 5,787 words · PDF available
Donald Trump and Joe Biden's past workforce policies give us some indication of what we might expect in a second term for each.
School Gender Policies Harm Students and Violate Parents’ Right To Raise Their Children
Heritage Foundation · 2024-04-16 · Commentary · 990 words
COMMENTARY BYThomas Jipping@TomJippingSenior Legal Fellow, Center for Legal and Judicial StudiesThomas Jipping is a Senior Legal Fellow for the Edwin Meese III Center for Legal and Judicial Studies.M...
Class VI Carbon Sequestration Wells: Permitting and State Program Primacy
Congressional Research Service · 2024-04-16 · Reports · 7,201 words · PDF available
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulates wells used for underground injection of carbon dioxide, known as Class VI wells. The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), administered by EPA, prohi...
Bureau of Land Management: FY2024 Appropriations
Congressional Research Service · 2024-04-16 · Resources · 1,428 words · PDF available
The Bureau of Land Management (BLM), in the Department of the Interior (DOI), manages 245 million acres of federal land, nearly all in the West. Under its multiple-use mission, BLM manages lands for d...
The Deliberative Process Privilege in Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2024-04-16 · Resources · 1,724 words · PDF available
The executive branch sometimes invokes the deliberative process privilege (DPP) in response to requests for information from Congress and the public, both in litigation and, with respect to the former...
Illustrative Examples of Premium Tax Credit Variation Among Hypothetical Households
Congressional Research Service · 2024-04-16 · Reports · 6,820 words · PDF available
Individuals without access to subsidized health insurance coverage may be eligible for the premium tax credit (PTC), a federal subsidy that reduces an individual’s or family’s premium for qualified he...
U.S. Naturalization Policy
Congressional Research Service · 2024-04-15 · Reports · 14,731 words · PDF available
Naturalization is the process that grants U.S. citizenship to lawful permanent residents (LPRs) who fulfill requirements established by Congress and enumerated in the Immigration and Nationality Act (...
Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (April 8–April 14, 2024)
Congressional Research Service · 2024-04-15 · Posts · 1,289 words · PDF available
The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to fede...
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: FY2024 Appropriations
Congressional Research Service · 2024-04-15 · Resources · 1,189 words
Introduction The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), an agency within the Department of the Interior (DOI), has a mission to conserve, protect, and enhance fish, wildlife, and plants and their habit...
Legal Requirements for Section 501(c)(3) Hospitals
Congressional Research Service · 2024-04-15 · Reports · 6,047 words · PDF available
It is estimated that approximately half of private, community hospitals are non-profit organizations, which may be eligible for federal income tax exemption as charitable organizations under § 501(c)(...
Voter Registration Agencies Under the National Voter Registration Act of 1993 (NVRA)
Congressional Research Service · 2024-04-15 · Posts · 1,168 words · PDF available
A key purpose of the National Voter Registration Act of 1993 (NVRA) was to expand access to voter registration for federal elections, in part by providing registration opportunities at various governm...
Firearms Dealers Engaged in the Business
Congressional Research Service · 2024-04-15 · Resources · 1,704 words · PDF available
On June 25, 2022, President Joe Biden signed into law the Bipartisan Safer Communities Act (BSCA; P.L. 117-159). Section 12002 of P.L. 117-159 amends definitions related to firearms dealer licensure i...
Social Security Overpayments: Debt Recovery
Congressional Research Service · 2024-04-12 · Resources · 1,692 words · PDF available
Introduction The Old-Age, Survivors and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program, commonly known as Social Security, is authorized under Title II of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. §§401 et seq.). Soci...
An Overview of Accreditation of Higher Education in the United States
Congressional Research Service · 2024-04-12 · Reports · 8,664 words · PDF available
The federal government provides varying types of support to postsecondary students and schools, including student financial assistance (e.g., Pell Grants and Direct Loans) authorized under Title IV of...