Policy Library

6,587 documents

The District of Columbia Courts: A Brief Introduction
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-13 · Resources · 1,738 words · PDF available
The Superior Court of the District of Columbia (DC) and the DC Court of Appeals (the DC Courts) exercise jurisdiction over local matters in Washington, DC. Although these courts are authorized under f...
Meeting Locations of Congress and Predecessor Legislatures
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-13 · Resources · 950 words · PDF available
In 1987, as part of the Bicentennial Celebration of the Constitution, Congress held a joint commemorative meeting in Independence Hall in Philadelphia, PA—site of the Constitutional Convention. The jo...
FBI Headquarters Site Selection Process
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-13 · Posts · 621 words · PDF available
Identification of Potential Sites On February 8, 2016, the General Services Administration (GSA) submitted a prospectus to Congress for the construction of a new headquarters facility for the Federal ...
Federally Funded Construction and the Payment of Locally Prevailing Wages
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-13 · Resources · 1,220 words · PDF available
Introduction Since the 1930s, numerous statutes have been enacted that establish minimum labor standards for various classes of workers. Some of these standards apply broadly to most employers (e.g., ...
Nigeria: Overview and U.S. Policy
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-09 · Reports · 15,350 words · PDF available
Overview. Nigeria is Africa’s most populous country, largest economy, and top oil producer. It is the United States’ second-largest trade partner and third-largest destination for U.S. foreign direct ...
S.Res. 444: Providing for En Bloc Consideration of Military Nominations
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-09 · Posts · 1,020 words · PDF available
On October 31, 2023, Senator Jack Reed, chair of the Senate Armed Services Committee, submitted S.Res. 444, a resolution proposing a temporary process to allow the Senate to consider more than one mil...
Federal Economic Assistance for Coal Communities
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-08 · Reports · 20,795 words · PDF available
Changes in energy production and markets broadly—and the coal industry in particular—have impacted the economic well-being of communities and workers. The effects of these changes have not been evenly...
The FRA’s Discretionary Spending Caps Under a CR: FAQs
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-08 · Posts · 1,086 words · PDF available
What is the FRA and how does it limit discretionary spending? The Fiscal Responsibility Act (FRA, P.L. 118-5), enacted in June 2023, temporarily suspended the debt limit and reinstituted enforceable d...
Debt Limit Legislation: The House “Gephardt Rule”
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-08 · Reports · 6,607 words · PDF available
Essentially all of the outstanding debt of the federal government is subject to a statutory limit, which is set forth as a dollar limitation in Title 31, Section 3101(b), of the U.S. Code. From time t...
Recreational Marijuana and Economic Development
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-07 · Resources · 1,464 words · PDF available
Advocates of legalizing the use of marijuana for recreational purposes sometimes argue that taking such a step could potentially create economic benefits. For example, when Colorado voters considered ...
Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Pledges by Selected Countries: Nationally Determined Contributions and Net-Zero Legislation
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-07 · Reports · 10,987 words · PDF available
Human-related emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) have increased globally over time. These increasing emissions contribute to a changing climate. Many governments are taking steps to reduce, or mitiga...
Trends in Mandatory Spending
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-07 · Reports · 8,268 words · PDF available
Federal spending is divided into three broad categories: discretionary spending, mandatory spending, and net interest. Those categories are procedural, determined in the way that Congress provides spe...
Expulsion of Members of Congress: Legal Authority and Historical Practice
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-07 · Reports · 13,074 words · PDF available
The U.S. Constitution expressly grants each house of Congress the power to “punish its Members for disorderly Behaviour, and, with the Concurrence of two thirds, expel a Member.” Expulsion is the proc...
Distribution of IRS Audits by Income and Race
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-06 · Resources · 1,687 words · PDF available
The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) enforces the federal tax code. Among the ways it does so is by conducting audits to verify the information on a taxpayer’s return is accurate and the correct amount ...
Lead Service Lines (LSLs) Replacement: Funding Developments
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-06 · Reports · 8,850 words · PDF available
Lead’s adverse health effects, particularly on children’s development, have continued to generate interest in reducing exposures to lead through drinking water. Various efforts, such as the regulation...
Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (October 30, 2023–November 5, 2023)
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-06 · Posts · 1,735 words · PDF available
The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to fede...
Education for Homeless Children and Youths: Data and Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-06 · Reports · 6,418 words · PDF available
The McKinney-Vento Act’s Education for Homeless Children and Youths (EHCY) program is the primary U.S. Department of Education (ED) program focused specifically on children and youths who are homeless...
Speakers of the House: Elections, 1913-2023
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-06 · Reports · 4,813 words · PDF available
Each new House elects a Speaker by roll call vote when it first convenes. Customarily, the conference of each major party nominates a candidate whose name is placed in nomination. A Member normally vo...
Third Circuit Holds that Application of Felon-in-Possession Ban Violates the Second Amendment, Creating Circuit Split
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-03 · Posts · 2,323 words · PDF available
In Range v. Attorney General, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit (Third Circuit), sitting en banc, struck down an application of a federal statutory provision—commonly referred to as the ...
Cement: Background and Low-Carbon Production
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-03 · Resources · 1,349 words · PDF available
Though cement and concrete are often used interchangeably, they are two different yet related materials. Concrete is the finished composite that contains cement, along with other ingredients, with ext...
Indian Gaming Regulatory Act: Gaming on Indian Lands
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-03 · Resources · 1,722 words · PDF available
Overview Under the U.S. Constitution, Congress has broad power over tribal affairs, including gaming on tribal lands. In the 1970s, some federally recognized tribes established bingo gaming operations...
The Factors Influencing the High Cost of Insurance for Consumers
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-02 · Testimony · 3,677 words · PDF available
Inflation, Interest Rates, and Investments; Increasing Catastrophe Losses; Insurance Regulation and Market Disruption
Corporate Taxation: Profit Shifting, Transfer Pricing, and Cost Sharing
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-01 · Resources · 1,707 words · PDF available
Recent events have highlighted the issue of corporate profit shifting using transfer pricing and cost sharing methods. In its October 11, 2023, 8-K filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission, ...
NetChoice v. Bonta and First Amendment Limits on Protecting Children Online
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-01 · Posts · 2,441 words · PDF available
On September 18, 2023, in NetChoice v. Bonta, the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California preliminarily enjoined enforcement of the California Age-Appropriate Design Code Act (CAAD...
State Authority to Regulate Nuclear Power: Federal Preemption Under the Atomic Energy Act (AEA)
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-01 · Reports · 8,010 words · PDF available
As some state governments explore nuclear power’s role in a transition away from fossil fuels, state legislatures continue to debate questions of safety and waste storage. Although safety concerns may...
The Twenty-First Amendment and the End of Prohibition, Part 1: Introduction
Congressional Research Service · 2023-10-31 · Posts · 590 words · PDF available
This Legal Sidebar is the first in a six-part series that discusses the Twenty-First Amendment to the Constitution. The Twenty-First Amendment repealed the Eighteenth Amendment, which prohibited the m...
The Twenty-First Amendment and the End of Prohibition, Part 2: The Wickersham Commission and the Repeal Movement
Congressional Research Service · 2023-10-31 · Posts · 1,014 words · PDF available
This Legal Sidebar is the second in a six-part series that discusses the Twenty-First Amendment to the Constitution. The Twenty-First Amendment repealed the Eighteenth Amendment, which prohibited the ...
The Twenty-First Amendment and the End of Prohibition, Part 3: Drafting and State Ratification
Congressional Research Service · 2023-10-31 · Posts · 1,192 words · PDF available
This Legal Sidebar is the third in a six-part series that discusses the Twenty-First Amendment to the Constitution. The Twenty-First Amendment repealed the Eighteenth Amendment, which prohibited the m...
The Twenty-First Amendment and the End of Prohibition, Part 4: State Power over Alcohol and the Commerce Clause
Congressional Research Service · 2023-10-31 · Posts · 1,288 words · PDF available
This Legal Sidebar is the fourth in a six-part series that discusses the Twenty-First Amendment to the Constitution. The Twenty-First Amendment repealed the Eighteenth Amendment, which prohibited the ...
The Twenty-First Amendment and the End of Prohibition, Part 5: State Power over Alcohol and Individual Rights
Congressional Research Service · 2023-10-31 · Posts · 1,356 words · PDF available
This Legal Sidebar is the fifth in a six-part series that discusses the Twenty-First Amendment to the Constitution. The Twenty-First Amendment repealed the Eighteenth Amendment, which prohibited the m...
The Twenty-First Amendment and the End of Prohibition, Part 6: State and Federal Regulation of Alcohol Sales
Congressional Research Service · 2023-10-31 · Posts · 969 words · PDF available
This Legal Sidebar is the last in a six-part series that discusses the Twenty-First Amendment to the Constitution. The Twenty-First Amendment repealed the Eighteenth Amendment, which prohibited the ma...
The Secure the Border Act (H.R. 2): Asylum-Related Reforms
Congressional Research Service · 2023-10-30 · Resources · 1,855 words · PDF available
On May 11, 2023, the House passed the Secure the Border Act of 2023 (H.R. 2). The bill would, among other things, make significant changes to federal immigration laws with respect to border security, ...
Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (October 23, 2023–October 29, 2023)
Congressional Research Service · 2023-10-30 · Posts · 1,423 words · PDF available
The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to fede...
Federal Tax Gap: Size, Contributing Factors, and the Debate over Reducing It
Congressional Research Service · 2023-10-30 · Resources · 1,601 words · PDF available
Nature of the Federal Tax Gap The federal tax gap is a measure of overall taxpayer noncompliance in a specified period. The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) provides two estimates of the federal tax gap...
FDA Regulation of Cosmetics and Personal Care Products Under the Modernization of Cosmetics Regulation Act of 2022 (MoCRA)
Congressional Research Service · 2023-10-30 · Reports · 12,288 words · PDF available
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has the authority to regulate cosmetic products and their ingredients. This authority was granted by the 1938 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA), which...
Assisting and Evacuating U.S. Citizens Abroad During the Israel-Hamas Conflict and Other International Crises
Congressional Research Service · 2023-10-30 · Resources · 1,707 words · PDF available
The U.S. Department of State (DOS; the Department) has long provided consular services to American citizens around the world pursuant to laws passed by Congress. Such services include disseminating in...
School Swatting: Overview of Federal Criminal Law
Congressional Research Service · 2023-10-27 · Posts · 2,199 words · PDF available
In September 2023, school districts in several states—including Pennsylvania, New York, Utah, California, and North Carolina—were reportedly subject to threatening hoax communications characterized as...
U.S. Postal Service Fleet Modernization
Congressional Research Service · 2023-10-27 · Reports · 5,350 words · PDF available
The United States Postal Service (USPS) is an independent agency of the executive branch responsible for providing reliable, affordable, universal mail delivery across the United States. One critical ...
Coinbase, Inc. v. Bielski: Federal Trial Courts Must Halt Proceedings During Arbitration Appeals
Congressional Research Service · 2023-10-26 · Posts · 1,937 words · PDF available
In Coinbase, Inc. v. Bielski, the Supreme Court ruled in a 5-to-4 decision that federal district courts must stay pre-trial and trial proceedings when a party appeals an order denying a motion to comp...
Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (IRA): Provisions Related to Climate Change
Congressional Research Service · 2023-10-26 · Reports · 7,428 words · PDF available
On August 16, 2022, President Biden signed H.R. 5376 (P.L. 117-169), a budget reconciliation measure commonly referred to as the “Inflation Reduction Act of 2022” (IRA). IRA contains eight titles, eac...
Chevron at the Bar: Supreme Court to Hear Challenges to Chevron Deference
Congressional Research Service · 2023-10-26 · Posts · 2,842 words · PDF available
In what has the potential to be one of the most consequential decisions in administrative law, the Supreme Court is scheduled to evaluate the constitutionality of the Chevron framework in its 2023 ter...
Defense Health Primer: U.S. Coast Guard Health Services
Congressional Research Service · 2023-10-25 · Resources · 1,511 words · PDF available
Established in 1790, the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) is a military service in the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and a branch of the armed forces of the United States. The role of USCG is to provid...
Worker Rights Provisions in Free Trade Agreements (FTAs)
Congressional Research Service · 2023-10-25 · Resources · 1,564 words · PDF available
Worker rights have generally been a prominent issue in U.S. FTA negotiations. Some stakeholders believe worker rights provisions are key to protect U.S. workers from perceived unfair competition and t...
Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 (P.L. 117-328): Medicaid and CHIP Provisions
Congressional Research Service · 2023-10-24 · Reports · 15,177 words · PDF available
The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 (CAA 2023; P.L. 117-328), enacted on December 29, 2022, provides appropriations to federal agencies for the remainder of FY2023, provides supplemental appropr...
China Primer: U.S.-China Relations
Congressional Research Service · 2023-10-24 · Resources · 1,770 words · PDF available
Introduction Congressional oversight and legislative activities related to the People’s Republic of China (PRC, or China) have expanded as Members’ concerns about PRC policies, actions, and intentions...
Barriers Along the U.S. Border: Key Authorities and Recent Developments
Congressional Research Service · 2023-10-23 · Posts · 2,589 words · PDF available
On October 5, 2023, Secretary of Homeland Security Alejandro Mayorkas invoked Section 102(c) of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (IIRIRA), waiving requirements u...
Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (October 16, 2023–October 22, 2023)
Congressional Research Service · 2023-10-23 · Posts · 1,362 words · PDF available
The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to fede...
Nepal
Congressional Research Service · 2023-10-23 · Resources · 1,581 words · PDF available
Overview The Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal is a lower-middle income, relatively small, landlocked state in South Asia. Since parliamentary democracy was restored in 2006 after a four-year perio...
State Health Insurance Assistance Program (SHIP)
Congressional Research Service · 2023-10-23 · Resources · 1,488 words · PDF available
Background The State Health Insurance Assistance Program (SHIP) provides funding to states for outreach, counseling, and information assistance to Medicare beneficiaries and their families and caregiv...
Israel and Hamas October 2023 Conflict: Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Congressional Research Service · 2023-10-20 · Reports · 37,886 words · PDF available
On October 7, 2023, the Palestinian Sunni Islamist group Hamas (a U.S.-designated foreign terrorist organization, or FTO) led surprise attacks against Israel from the Gaza Strip by land, sea, and air....