Policy Library

7,020 documents

FY2024 NDAA: Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (JROTC) Matters
Congressional Research Service · 2023-12-29 · Posts · 1,284 words · PDF available
Background The Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (JROTC) is a congressionally mandated and funded Department of Defense (DOD) program of instruction with participation of approximately 500,000 s...
FY2024 NDAA: Summary of Funding Authorizations
Congressional Research Service · 2023-12-29 · Posts · 1,409 words · PDF available
Of the $910.8 billion requested in the FY2024 President’s budget for activities within the national defense budget function, $874.2 billion fell within the scope of the proposed National Defense Autho...
Supreme Court to Consider Scope of Federal Arbitration Act’s Exemption for Transportation Workers
Congressional Research Service · 2023-12-28 · Posts · 1,665 words · PDF available
The Supreme Court recently granted certiorari in Bissonnette v. LePage Bakeries Park St., LLC, a case involving the Federal Arbitration Act’s exemption for interstate transportation workers. Although ...
Section 230 Immunity and Generative Artificial Intelligence
Congressional Research Service · 2023-12-28 · Posts · 3,231 words · PDF available
Over the past year, technology companies have expanded access to services capable of creating content using artificial intelligence (AI). In February 2023, Microsoft announced an “all new, AI-powered ...
Animal Use in Federal Biomedical Research: A Policy Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2023-12-28 · Resources · 1,706 words · PDF available
Animals commonly are used in federally funded biomedical research for a number of reasons—for example, to better understand the biology of disease or to test the safety and efficacy of medical product...
Sheetz v. County of El Dorado: The Court Explores Legislative Exactions and the Takings Clause
Congressional Research Service · 2023-12-27 · Posts · 2,402 words · PDF available
On January 9, 2024, the U.S. Supreme Court is scheduled to hear oral argument in Sheetz v. County of El Dorado. The dispute in this case centers around an “exaction,” which is a government-imposed req...
Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (December 18–December 25, 2023)
Congressional Research Service · 2023-12-26 · Posts · 1,131 words · PDF available
The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to fede...
Legacy Lead-Sheathed Telecommunications Cables: Status and Issues for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2023-12-26 · Resources · 1,794 words · PDF available
From the late 1800s through the 1950s, telecommunications companies hung, buried, or placed under water extensive networks of cables containing lead sheathscasing that protects the wiresthroughout the...
Agency Nonacquiescence: An Overview of Constitutional and Practical Considerations
Congressional Research Service · 2023-12-26 · Reports · 15,181 words · PDF available
When Congress delegates the power to regulate to a federal agency, it often also provides for judicial review of that agency’s actions. Reviewing courts are generally empowered to “set aside” agency a...
Federal Funding for Broadband Deployment: Agencies and Considerations for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2023-12-26 · Reports · 10,300 words · PDF available
Access to high-speed internet, also known as broadband, has been a particular concern of many in Congress. Broadband is deployed throughout the United States, primarily by the private sector, and is a...
The First Prosecution Under the War Crimes Act: Overview and International Legal Context
Congressional Research Service · 2023-12-22 · Posts · 2,159 words · PDF available
On December 6, 2023, the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) brought an indictment in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia against four members of the Russian armed forces or alli...
Committee Discretion in Obtaining Witness Testimony
Congressional Research Service · 2023-12-22 · Posts · 2,324 words · PDF available
Early in December 2023, Hunter Biden, son of President Biden, refused to comply with a subpoena issued by the House Committees on Oversight and Accountability and the Judiciary (the Committees) seekin...
Alleged Indian Role in Transnational Assassination Plots
Congressional Research Service · 2023-12-22 · Posts · 1,029 words · PDF available
The U.S. and Canadian governments have alleged an official Indian role in assassination plots in North America. These developments could affect the tenor and trajectory of the U.S.-India partnership a...
The Freedom of Information Act (FOIA): An Introduction
Congressional Research Service · 2023-12-22 · Resources · 1,590 words · PDF available
The Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), codified at 5 U.S.C. § 552, provides the public a right to access federal agency information. Subject to enumerated exemptions and exclusions, agencies must disc...
Local Fiscal Effects of Disasters
Congressional Research Service · 2023-12-21 · Resources · 1,614 words · PDF available
In addition to potential loss of life and property, natural disasters and other emergencies can cause negative fiscal consequences for local governments. This can occur for a number of reasons. For ex...
Permanent Employment-Based Immigration: Labor Certification and Schedule A
Congressional Research Service · 2023-12-20 · Resources · 1,566 words · PDF available
In recent years, U.S. employers have reported widespread shortages of workers in various occupations. These reported labor shortages reinforce long-standing concerns about U.S. international competiti...
Long-Term Services and Supports: History of Federal Policy and Programs
Congressional Research Service · 2023-12-20 · Reports · 12,477 words · PDF available
Long-term services and supports (LTSS) refer to a broad range of health and health-related services and supports needed by individuals who lack the capacity for self-care due to a physical, cognitive,...
The Jackson-Vanik Amendment and Permanent Normal Trade Relations
Congressional Research Service · 2023-12-20 · Resources · 1,597 words · PDF available
Overview Section 402 of the Trade Act of 1974 (“the Act,” 19 U.S.C. § 2432), commonly known as the Jackson-Vanik amendment, denies normal trade relations (NTR) status to some current and former nonmar...
U.S. Gulf Oil & Natural Gas Assets and Infrastructure
Congressional Research Service · 2023-12-20 · Infographics · 501 words · PDF available
/ Information as of December 19, 2023, prepared by Michael Ratner, Specialist in Energy Policy; Mari Lee, Visual Information Specialist; Cassandra Higgins, Geospatial Information Systems Analyst; Eva ...
Russia’s War Against Ukraine: Overview of U.S. Assistance and Sanctions
Congressional Research Service · 2023-12-20 · Posts · 1,056 words · PDF available
On February 24, 2022, Russia launched a new war against Ukraine, a country Russia first invaded in 2014 and has partially occupied for almost a decade. The United States, member states of NATO and the...
Low Unemployment in 2023: Can It Last?
Congressional Research Service · 2023-12-19 · Resources · 1,645 words · PDF available
The United States has experienced unusually low unemployment in the past two years: The unemployment rate has been 4% or lower in every month since December 2021. It hit its lowest level (3.4%) since ...
“Who Says It’s a Disaster?”: Podcast Companion
Congressional Research Service · 2023-12-19 · Posts · 1,065 words · PDF available
This Insight accompanies the CRS podcast episode “Who Says It’s a Disaster?” and includes background information on the issues discussed on the podcast. Four Families of Disaster Declarations Stafford...
Department of Defense Contract Pricing
Congressional Research Service · 2023-12-19 · Reports · 9,097 words · PDF available
The Department of Defense (DOD) frequently turns to private contractors to provide it with the goods and services that DOD needs to carry out its mission. Federal contracting regulations require that ...
Access to Government Information: An Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2023-12-18 · Reports · 9,959 words · PDF available
Congress has long recognized the people’s right to know about the operations and actions of the federal government. A series of modern statutes provides a framework for ways the public may access gove...
Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (December 11–December 17, 2023)
Congressional Research Service · 2023-12-18 · Posts · 2,007 words · PDF available
The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to fede...
The Presidential Records Act: An Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2023-12-18 · Reports · 6,241 words · PDF available
Presidential records provide Congress, members of the public, and researchers with documentation, context, and explanations for presidential actions. The Presidential Records Act (PRA; 44 U.S.C. §§220...
Deficit Spending During Higher Inflation and Interest Rates: Implications for Debt Sustainability
Congressional Research Service · 2023-12-18 · Reports · 8,911 words · PDF available
Expansionary fiscal policy (an increase in the budget deficit through an increase in government spending, decrease in tax revenue, or some combination of both) can be an important tool in stimulating ...
Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs: Background and Issues for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2023-12-18 · Reports · 11,624 words · PDF available
Congress has demonstrated interest in the provision of safe drinking water and in the maintenance of existing drinking water infrastructure. Outbreaks of waterborne diseases (e.g., Legionnaires’ disea...
The National Spectrum Strategy for Wireless Technologies: Priorities, Objectives, and Congressional Considerations
Congressional Research Service · 2023-12-18 · Resources · 1,547 words
Most wireless technologies and services, including mobile communications, radionavigation systems, radar systems, satellites, and radio and television broadcasting, rely on a range of radiofrequency s...
National Park System: Air Tour Management Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2023-12-18 · Resources · 1,541 words · PDF available
The statutory and regulatory framework for conducting air tours over units of the National Park System has been of ongoing interest to Congress. The National Parks Air Tour Management Act of 2000 (Air...
Impeachment Investigations, Part II: Access
Congressional Research Service · 2023-12-15 · Posts · 3,301 words · PDF available
On December 13, 2023, the House directed a trio of House committees to “continue their ongoing investigations ... into whether sufficient grounds exist” to impeach President Joe Biden. The inquiry, wh...
Enhanced Prudential Regulation of Large Banks
Congressional Research Service · 2023-12-15 · Reports · 22,546 words · PDF available
The 2007-2009 financial crisis highlighted the problem of “too big to fail” financial institutions—the concept that the failure of large financial firms could trigger financial instability, which in s...
Accrual and Reinvestor Small Business Investment Companies (SBICs)
Congressional Research Service · 2023-12-15 · Resources · 1,645 words · PDF available
The Small Business Administration (SBA) administers several programs to increase access to capital for small businesses. Among those is the Small Business Investment Company (SBIC) program. Under the ...
Federal Guidelines, Testing, and Certification for Electronic Poll Books (E-Poll Books)
Congressional Research Service · 2023-12-15 · Posts · 1,097 words · PDF available
The U.S. Election Assistance Commission (EAC) oversees a program to test and certify voting systems to a set of voluntary federal guidelines known as the Voluntary Voting System Guidelines (VVSG). No ...
Is Climate Change Influencing Wildfires? Climate Change Effects on Wildfires in the United States
Congressional Research Service · 2023-12-15 · Posts · 1,029 words · PDF available
According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), climate change-driven increases in temperature, drought, and atmospheric drying have led to an increase in wildfire risk and wi...
Law Enforcement Use of Artificial Intelligence and Directives in the 2023 Executive Order
Congressional Research Service · 2023-12-15 · Posts · 984 words · PDF available
The use of artificial intelligence (AI) has expanded in a variety of arenas, including by law enforcement. AI has been broadly conceptualized as computerized systems operating in ways often thought to...
Return of Nominations to the President Under Senate Rule XXXI
Congressional Research Service · 2023-12-15 · Reports · 2,930 words · PDF available
Nominations that have been neither confirmed nor rejected by the Senate at the time the Senate adjourns sine die or for a period of more than 30 days are returned to the President pursuant to Senate R...
How the Credit Card Competition Act of 2023 Could Affect Consumers, Merchants, and Banks
Congressional Research Service · 2023-12-13 · Resources · 1,477 words · PDF available
When a consumer makes a payment with a credit card, a small portion of the transaction is used to compensate the merchant’s bank, the payment processors, the payment network, and the consumer’s bank—e...
Growth of the Tax-Exempt Sector and the Impact on the American Political Landscape
Congressional Research Service · 2023-12-13 · Testimony · 4,753 words · PDF available
tax-exempt organizations, Section 501(c)(3) organizations, Section 501(c)(4) organizations, tax-deductible charitable contributions, lobbying, electioneering, Revenue Reconciliation Act of 1993
Agricultural Disaster Assistance
Congressional Research Service · 2023-12-12 · Reports · 9,533 words · PDF available
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers programs to help farmers recover financially from natural disasters, including drought and floods. Most programs have permanent authorization, and one ...
The AI Executive Order and Its Potential Implications for DOD
Congressional Research Service · 2023-12-12 · Posts · 1,071 words · PDF available
On October 20, 2023, President Biden issued an Executive Order (E.O.) on the Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence (E.O. 14110). The order provides guidance on s...
Cohort Default Rates and HEA Title IV Eligibility: Background and Analysis
Congressional Research Service · 2023-12-12 · Reports · 32,771 words · PDF available
Most institutions of higher education (IHEs) that participate in the federal Pell Grant and Direct Loan programs—the primary federal financial aid programs for postsecondary students—are required to m...
Federal Employees’ Retirement System: Summary of Recent Trends
Congressional Research Service · 2023-12-12 · Reports · 7,421 words · PDF available
This report describes recent trends in the characteristics of annuitants and current employees covered by the Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS) and the Federal Employees’ Retirement System (FERS)...
Arellano v. McDonough: Veterans Disability Benefits and Equitable Tolling
Congressional Research Service · 2023-12-11 · Posts · 2,119 words · PDF available
On January 23, 2023, the U.S. Supreme Court decided Arellano v. McDonough. The case involved a U.S. Navy veteran, Adolfo Arellano, with a service-connected psychiatric disability resulting from an inc...
Has the Federal Reserve Achieved a Soft Landing in 2023?
Congressional Research Service · 2023-12-11 · Resources · 1,681 words · PDF available
Since the Federal Reserve (Fed) began raising rates in response to high inflation in March 2022, it has been trying to achieve a “soft landing”—a return to low inflation while maintaining moderate eco...
Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (December 4–December 10, 2023)
Congressional Research Service · 2023-12-11 · Posts · 2,429 words · PDF available
The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to fede...
Nuclear Negotiations with North Korea
Congressional Research Service · 2023-12-11 · Reports · 16,847 words · PDF available
Since the late 1980s, when U.S. officials became aware that North Korea was actively pursuing nuclear weapons capabilities, U.S. administrations have used a combination of pressure, deterrence, and di...
Department of Agriculture’s Emergency Relief Program (ERP)
Congressional Research Service · 2023-12-11 · Resources · 1,426 words · PDF available
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) administers a suite of programs that assists farmers and ranchers with recovering from a natural disaster. Many of these programs are permanently authorized a...
The Section 8 Project-Based Rental Assistance Program
Congressional Research Service · 2023-12-11 · Resources · 1,668 words · PDF available
The Section 8 Project-Based Rental Assistance (PBRA) program subsidizes the rents of low-income individuals and families through rental assistance contracts between the Department of Housing and Urban...
The Section 8 Housing Choice Voucher Program
Congressional Research Service · 2023-12-11 · Resources · 1,543 words · PDF available
The Section 8 Housing Choice Voucher (HCV) program is the nation’s largest rental assistance program. Authorized under Section 8 of the Housing Act of 1937 (42 U.S.C. §1437f(o)), it subsidizes the ren...