Policy Library

7,020 documents

Armed Career Criminal Act (ACCA): When Does a Prior Drug Offense Qualify?
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-16 · Posts · 1,230 words · PDF available
Introduction It is a federal crime for a convicted felon, among others, to possess a firearm. Under the Armed Career Criminal Act (ACCA), the offense carries a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment w...
USDA’s Foreign Agricultural Service: An Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-16 · Reports · 10,863 words · PDF available
The United States is one of the top exporters of agricultural and food products. In 2022, the United States exported $196 billion in agricultural and food products, which accounted for about 20% of to...
FY2024 Appropriations: Potential Effects of a Government Shutdown on Illustrative Agencies, Programs, and Activities
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-16 · Reports · 11,846 words · PDF available
When federal agencies and programs lack funding after the expiration of full-year or interim appropriations, the agencies and programs experience a lapse in appropriations, also known as a “funding ga...
Bank Exposure to Commercial Real Estate
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-16 · Posts · 1,007 words · PDF available
The economic turmoil resulting from the pandemic negatively affected commercial real estate (CRE), particularly by leading to a sharp, albeit temporary, increase in delinquencies among commercial mort...
Growth in Electric Vehicle Manufacturing: A Factor in the 2023 United Auto Workers (UAW) Negotiations
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-16 · Posts · 810 words · PDF available
The United Auto Workers (UAW) began a strike against the “Big Three” automakers—General Motors (GM), Ford, and Stellantis—on September 15, 2023, following unsuccessful negotiations among the parties. ...
Human Trafficking and U.S. Foreign Policy: An Introduction
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-16 · Resources · 1,619 words · PDF available
What is human trafficking? Human trafficking (also known as trafficking in persons) refers to the subjection of men, women, or children to exploitative conditions that may be tantamount to modern-day...
Marijuana Banking: Legal Issues and the SAFE(R) Banking Acts
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-15 · Posts · 1,842 words · PDF available
A number of states have adopted laws permitting marijuana sales and other marijuana-related activities, even though those same activities remain unlawful under federal drug and financial laws. Due to ...
Hong Kong Under the National Security Law
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-15 · Reports · 14,928 words · PDF available
Hong Kong is a special administrative region (SAR) of the People’s Republic of China (PRC, or China). In signing a United Nations-registered treaty with the United Kingdom in 1984 and passing a law in...
U.S. Commercial Shipbuilding in a Global Context
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-15 · Resources · 1,620 words · PDF available
Introduction Congress has long-standing concern with the state of the U.S. commercial (i.e., non-Navy) shipbuilding industry. Now that China has become the world’s leading shipbuilder, that concern ha...
National Park System: What Do the Different Park Titles Signify?
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-15 · Reports · 7,641 words · PDF available
Congress names individual units of the National Park System in the enabling legislation for each unit. In so doing, Congress establishes the range of titles used in the park system. The system’s 425 u...
Medicare and Budget Sequestration
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-14 · Reports · 10,331 words
Sequestration is the automatic reduction (i.e., cancellation) of certain federal spending, generally by a uniform percentage. The sequester is a budget enforcement tool that was established by Congres...
Emergency Access to Strategic and Critical Materials: The National Defense Stockpile
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-14 · Reports · 22,679 words · PDF available
In wartime, without sufficient raw materials available in useable form, militaries and companies manufacturing defense equipment may struggle to resupply materiel fast enough to keep up with equipment...
The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC): How It Works and Who Receives It
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-14 · Reports · 12,521 words · PDF available
The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) is a refundable tax credit that boosts the income of eligible low-income workers, especially those with children. Because the credit is refundable, an EITC recipien...
Guardians of the Sea: Examining Coast Guard Efforts in Drug Enforcement, Illegal Migration, and IUU Fishing
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-14 · Testimony · 5,020 words · PDF available
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Medicare Part D Prescription Drug Benefit
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-14 · Reports · 33,083 words · PDF available
The Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 (MMA; P.L. 108-173) established a voluntary, outpatient prescription drug benefit under Medicare Part D, effective January 1,...
The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) Exemption for Executive, Administrative, and Professional (EAP) Employees: 2023 Proposed Rule
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-13 · Resources · 1,680 words · PDF available
The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) establishes a federal minimum wage for most private and public sector employees and generally requires overtime compensation at a rate of one and one-half times an ...
Statutory Inspectors General in the Federal Government: A Primer
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-13 · Reports · 18,185 words · PDF available
This report provides an overview of statutory inspectors general (IGs) in the federal government, including their structure, functions, and related issues for Congress. Statutory IGs—established by la...
5G Fund for Rural America: Current Status and Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-13 · Resources · 1,860 words · PDF available
On October 27, 2020, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) created the 5G Fund for Rural America (5G Fund). The FCC directed that $9 billion over the next 10 years from the Universal Service Fun...
The District of Columbia Courts: A Brief Introduction
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-13 · Resources · 1,738 words · PDF available
The Superior Court of the District of Columbia (DC) and the DC Court of Appeals (the DC Courts) exercise jurisdiction over local matters in Washington, DC. Although these courts are authorized under f...
Meeting Locations of Congress and Predecessor Legislatures
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-13 · Resources · 950 words · PDF available
In 1987, as part of the Bicentennial Celebration of the Constitution, Congress held a joint commemorative meeting in Independence Hall in Philadelphia, PA—site of the Constitutional Convention. The jo...
FBI Headquarters Site Selection Process
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-13 · Posts · 621 words · PDF available
Identification of Potential Sites On February 8, 2016, the General Services Administration (GSA) submitted a prospectus to Congress for the construction of a new headquarters facility for the Federal ...
Federally Funded Construction and the Payment of Locally Prevailing Wages
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-13 · Resources · 1,220 words · PDF available
Introduction Since the 1930s, numerous statutes have been enacted that establish minimum labor standards for various classes of workers. Some of these standards apply broadly to most employers (e.g., ...
Nigeria: Overview and U.S. Policy
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-09 · Reports · 15,350 words · PDF available
Overview. Nigeria is Africa’s most populous country, largest economy, and top oil producer. It is the United States’ second-largest trade partner and third-largest destination for U.S. foreign direct ...
S.Res. 444: Providing for En Bloc Consideration of Military Nominations
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-09 · Posts · 1,020 words · PDF available
On October 31, 2023, Senator Jack Reed, chair of the Senate Armed Services Committee, submitted S.Res. 444, a resolution proposing a temporary process to allow the Senate to consider more than one mil...
Federal Economic Assistance for Coal Communities
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-08 · Reports · 20,795 words · PDF available
Changes in energy production and markets broadly—and the coal industry in particular—have impacted the economic well-being of communities and workers. The effects of these changes have not been evenly...
The FRA’s Discretionary Spending Caps Under a CR: FAQs
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-08 · Posts · 1,086 words · PDF available
What is the FRA and how does it limit discretionary spending? The Fiscal Responsibility Act (FRA, P.L. 118-5), enacted in June 2023, temporarily suspended the debt limit and reinstituted enforceable d...
Debt Limit Legislation: The House “Gephardt Rule”
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-08 · Reports · 6,607 words · PDF available
Essentially all of the outstanding debt of the federal government is subject to a statutory limit, which is set forth as a dollar limitation in Title 31, Section 3101(b), of the U.S. Code. From time t...
Racial disparities in the income tax treatment of marriage
Brookings Institution · 2023-11-07 · Article · 20,837 words · PDF available
This working paper was prepared for theNational Bureau of Economic Research. The final version was published inTax Policy and the Economyin 2024.
Recreational Marijuana and Economic Development
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-07 · Resources · 1,464 words · PDF available
Advocates of legalizing the use of marijuana for recreational purposes sometimes argue that taking such a step could potentially create economic benefits. For example, when Colorado voters considered ...
Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Pledges by Selected Countries: Nationally Determined Contributions and Net-Zero Legislation
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-07 · Reports · 10,987 words · PDF available
Human-related emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) have increased globally over time. These increasing emissions contribute to a changing climate. Many governments are taking steps to reduce, or mitiga...
Trends in Mandatory Spending
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-07 · Reports · 8,268 words · PDF available
Federal spending is divided into three broad categories: discretionary spending, mandatory spending, and net interest. Those categories are procedural, determined in the way that Congress provides spe...
Expulsion of Members of Congress: Legal Authority and Historical Practice
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-07 · Reports · 13,074 words · PDF available
The U.S. Constitution expressly grants each house of Congress the power to “punish its Members for disorderly Behaviour, and, with the Concurrence of two thirds, expel a Member.” Expulsion is the proc...
Distribution of IRS Audits by Income and Race
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-06 · Resources · 1,687 words · PDF available
The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) enforces the federal tax code. Among the ways it does so is by conducting audits to verify the information on a taxpayer’s return is accurate and the correct amount ...
Lead Service Lines (LSLs) Replacement: Funding Developments
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-06 · Reports · 8,850 words · PDF available
Lead’s adverse health effects, particularly on children’s development, have continued to generate interest in reducing exposures to lead through drinking water. Various efforts, such as the regulation...
Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (October 30, 2023–November 5, 2023)
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-06 · Posts · 1,735 words · PDF available
The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to fede...
Education for Homeless Children and Youths: Data and Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-06 · Reports · 6,418 words · PDF available
The McKinney-Vento Act’s Education for Homeless Children and Youths (EHCY) program is the primary U.S. Department of Education (ED) program focused specifically on children and youths who are homeless...
Speakers of the House: Elections, 1913-2023
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-06 · Reports · 4,813 words · PDF available
Each new House elects a Speaker by roll call vote when it first convenes. Customarily, the conference of each major party nominates a candidate whose name is placed in nomination. A Member normally vo...
Third Circuit Holds that Application of Felon-in-Possession Ban Violates the Second Amendment, Creating Circuit Split
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-03 · Posts · 2,323 words · PDF available
In Range v. Attorney General, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit (Third Circuit), sitting en banc, struck down an application of a federal statutory provision—commonly referred to as the ...
Cement: Background and Low-Carbon Production
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-03 · Resources · 1,349 words · PDF available
Though cement and concrete are often used interchangeably, they are two different yet related materials. Concrete is the finished composite that contains cement, along with other ingredients, with ext...
Indian Gaming Regulatory Act: Gaming on Indian Lands
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-03 · Resources · 1,722 words · PDF available
Overview Under the U.S. Constitution, Congress has broad power over tribal affairs, including gaming on tribal lands. In the 1970s, some federally recognized tribes established bingo gaming operations...
The Factors Influencing the High Cost of Insurance for Consumers
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-02 · Testimony · 3,677 words · PDF available
Inflation, Interest Rates, and Investments; Increasing Catastrophe Losses; Insurance Regulation and Market Disruption
Corporate Taxation: Profit Shifting, Transfer Pricing, and Cost Sharing
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-01 · Resources · 1,707 words · PDF available
Recent events have highlighted the issue of corporate profit shifting using transfer pricing and cost sharing methods. In its October 11, 2023, 8-K filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission, ...
NetChoice v. Bonta and First Amendment Limits on Protecting Children Online
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-01 · Posts · 2,441 words · PDF available
On September 18, 2023, in NetChoice v. Bonta, the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California preliminarily enjoined enforcement of the California Age-Appropriate Design Code Act (CAAD...
State Authority to Regulate Nuclear Power: Federal Preemption Under the Atomic Energy Act (AEA)
Congressional Research Service · 2023-11-01 · Reports · 8,010 words · PDF available
As some state governments explore nuclear power’s role in a transition away from fossil fuels, state legislatures continue to debate questions of safety and waste storage. Although safety concerns may...
The Twenty-First Amendment and the End of Prohibition, Part 1: Introduction
Congressional Research Service · 2023-10-31 · Posts · 590 words · PDF available
This Legal Sidebar is the first in a six-part series that discusses the Twenty-First Amendment to the Constitution. The Twenty-First Amendment repealed the Eighteenth Amendment, which prohibited the m...
The Twenty-First Amendment and the End of Prohibition, Part 2: The Wickersham Commission and the Repeal Movement
Congressional Research Service · 2023-10-31 · Posts · 1,014 words · PDF available
This Legal Sidebar is the second in a six-part series that discusses the Twenty-First Amendment to the Constitution. The Twenty-First Amendment repealed the Eighteenth Amendment, which prohibited the ...
The Twenty-First Amendment and the End of Prohibition, Part 3: Drafting and State Ratification
Congressional Research Service · 2023-10-31 · Posts · 1,192 words · PDF available
This Legal Sidebar is the third in a six-part series that discusses the Twenty-First Amendment to the Constitution. The Twenty-First Amendment repealed the Eighteenth Amendment, which prohibited the m...
The Twenty-First Amendment and the End of Prohibition, Part 4: State Power over Alcohol and the Commerce Clause
Congressional Research Service · 2023-10-31 · Posts · 1,288 words · PDF available
This Legal Sidebar is the fourth in a six-part series that discusses the Twenty-First Amendment to the Constitution. The Twenty-First Amendment repealed the Eighteenth Amendment, which prohibited the ...
The Twenty-First Amendment and the End of Prohibition, Part 5: State Power over Alcohol and Individual Rights
Congressional Research Service · 2023-10-31 · Posts · 1,356 words · PDF available
This Legal Sidebar is the fifth in a six-part series that discusses the Twenty-First Amendment to the Constitution. The Twenty-First Amendment repealed the Eighteenth Amendment, which prohibited the m...
The Twenty-First Amendment and the End of Prohibition, Part 6: State and Federal Regulation of Alcohol Sales
Congressional Research Service · 2023-10-31 · Posts · 969 words · PDF available
This Legal Sidebar is the last in a six-part series that discusses the Twenty-First Amendment to the Constitution. The Twenty-First Amendment repealed the Eighteenth Amendment, which prohibited the ma...