Policy Library

6,587 documents

Supreme Court Considers Meaning of “An Offense Relating to Obstruction of Justice” for Immigration Enforcement Purposes
Congressional Research Service · 2023-06-29 · Posts · 2,019 words · PDF available
On June 22, 2023, in Pugin v. Garland (decided together with Garland v. Cordero-Garcia), the Supreme Court considered the meaning of the phrase “an offense relating to obstruction of justice” for immi...
Title IX’s Religious Exemption: Agency Practice and Judicial Application
Congressional Research Service · 2023-06-29 · Reports · 12,001 words · PDF available
Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 prohibits discrimination “on the basis of sex” in education programs that receive federal financial assistance. The law also contains nine statutory except...
Arts and Culture in Economic Development Policy
Congressional Research Service · 2023-06-29 · Resources · 1,600 words · PDF available
Arts and culture account for a significant portion of U.S. economic activity. According to the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), which assesses the economic impact of arts and culture through its Art...
Department of Health and Human Services: FY2024 Budget Request
Congressional Research Service · 2023-06-29 · Reports · 6,569 words · PDF available
This report provides information about the FY2024 budget request for the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Historically, HHS has been one of the larger federal departments in terms o...
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Reauthorization Issues for the 118th Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2023-06-28 · Reports · 31,872 words · PDF available
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) reauthorization refers to a periodic process through which Congress develops legislation to renew authorizing statutes as well as revise and update relevant laws ...
Introduction to Veterans Health Care
Congressional Research Service · 2023-06-28 · Resources · 1,614 words · PDF available
The federal government’s role in providing health care to the nation’s veterans can be traced back to World War I. The veterans’ health care system was first developed in 1919 with the enactment of P....
Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (June 19–June 25, 2023), Part 1
Congressional Research Service · 2023-06-26 · Posts · 1,018 words · PDF available
The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to fede...
The Eighteenth Amendment and National Prohibition, Part 3: Temperance Movements
Congressional Research Service · 2023-06-26 · Posts · 897 words · PDF available
This Legal Sidebar post is the third in a seven-part series that discusses the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution. Prior to its repeal, the Eighteenth Amendment prohibited the manufacture, sale,...
The Eighteenth Amendment and National Prohibition, Part 1: Introduction
Congressional Research Service · 2023-06-26 · Posts · 733 words · PDF available
This Legal Sidebar post is the first in a seven-part series that discusses the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution. Prior to its repeal, the Eighteenth Amendment prohibited the manufacture, sale,...
The Eighteenth Amendment and National Prohibition, Part 2: The Colonial Era
Congressional Research Service · 2023-06-26 · Posts · 728 words · PDF available
This Legal Sidebar post is the second in a seven-part series that discusses the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution. Prior to its repeal, the Eighteenth Amendment prohibited the manufacture, sale...
The Eighteenth Amendment and National Prohibition, Part 4: Early Prohibition Laws
Congressional Research Service · 2023-06-26 · Posts · 658 words · PDF available
This Legal Sidebar post is the fourth in a seven-part series that discusses the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution. Prior to its repeal, the Eighteenth Amendment prohibited the manufacture, sale...
The Eighteenth Amendment and National Prohibition, Part 5: Proposal and Ratification
Congressional Research Service · 2023-06-26 · Posts · 1,120 words · PDF available
This Legal Sidebar post is the fifth in a seven-part series that discusses the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution. Prior to its repeal, the Eighteenth Amendment prohibited the manufacture, sale,...
National Park Service: FY2023 Appropriations
Congressional Research Service · 2023-06-26 · Resources · 1,443 words · PDF available
The National Park Service (NPS) administers the National Park System, which includes 424 units valued for their natural, cultural, and recreational importance. System lands cover 81 million federal ac...
The Eighteenth Amendment and National Prohibition, Part 6: Supreme Court Cases
Congressional Research Service · 2023-06-26 · Posts · 728 words · PDF available
This Legal Sidebar post is the sixth in a seven-part series that discusses the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution. Prior to its repeal, the Eighteenth Amendment prohibited the manufacture, sale,...
The Eighteenth Amendment and National Prohibition, Part 7: Repeal
Congressional Research Service · 2023-06-26 · Posts · 495 words · PDF available
This Legal Sidebar post is the last in a seven-part series that discusses the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution. Prior to its repeal, the Eighteenth Amendment prohibited the manufacture, sale, ...
Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (June 19–June 25, 2023), Part 2
Congressional Research Service · 2023-06-26 · Posts · 1,762 words · PDF available
The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to fede...
Federal Grant Technical Assistance: Definition, Use, and Considerations for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2023-06-26 · Reports · 6,491 words · PDF available
Congress often takes an interest in how quickly federal money is expended by grantees, how effectively funding is targeted to the needs identified in the legislation, and how the risk of waste, fraud,...
Transgender Athletes: Education Department Proposes Amendment to Title IX Regulations
Congressional Research Service · 2023-06-23 · Posts · 2,493 words · PDF available
Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (Title IX) bars discrimination “on the basis of sex” in education programs that receive federal financial assistance. Long-standing regulations implementin...
China’s Engagement with Latin America and the Caribbean
Congressional Research Service · 2023-06-23 · Resources · 1,615 words · PDF available
Relations between the People’s Republic of China (PRC, or China) and the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) have grown substantially over the past 20 years. This growing engagement, wh...
Legislative History of Medicaid Financing for the Territories
Congressional Research Service · 2023-06-22 · Reports · 10,098 words · PDF available
Medicaid is a joint federal-state program that finances the delivery of medical services for low-income individuals. The U.S. territories (i.e., American Samoa, the Commonwealth of the Northern Marian...
Older Americans Act: COVID-19 Response
Congressional Research Service · 2023-06-22 · Reports · 6,647 words · PDF available
Compared with younger people, older adults have been at higher risk of severe illness due to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), including hospitalization and death. The Older Americans Act (OAA) sup...
Health Care-Related Expiring Provisions of the 118th Congress, First Session
Congressional Research Service · 2023-06-22 · Reports · 4,476 words · PDF available
This report provides information on selected health care-related provisions that have expired or are scheduled to expire during the first session of the 118th Congress (i.e., during calendar year [CY]...
Oil Spills: Background and Governance
Congressional Research Service · 2023-06-22 · Reports · 14,291 words · PDF available
Oil is a primary source of energy in the United States. Domestic oil production has increased in recent years, and vast quantities of oil continually enter the country via vessel or pipeline, moving t...
Office of Management and Budget (OMB): An Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2023-06-22 · Reports · 17,267 words · PDF available
The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) is a component of the Executive Office of the President (EOP). OMB is tasked with numerous statutory duties relating to the operations of executive branch age...
The Information and Communications Technology and Services (ICTS) Rule and Review Process
Congressional Research Service · 2023-06-22 · Resources · 1,620 words · PDF available
In January 2021, the Department of Commerce (Commerce) created a new process for the executive branch to review transactions involving information and communications technology and services (ICTS) and...
2023 Quadrennial Homeland Security Review: Evolution of a Strategic Review
Congressional Research Service · 2023-06-22 · Resources · 1,125 words · PDF available
Overview In April 2023, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) issued its third Quadrennial Homeland Security Review (QHSR). DHS states that the QHSR is a “comprehensive examination of the homeland...
Medicaid Financing for the Territories
Congressional Research Service · 2023-06-22 · Resources · 1,582 words · PDF available
Medicaid is a joint federal-state program that finances the delivery of medical services for low-income individuals. The territories (i.e., American Samoa, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Isl...
Supreme Court Narrows Federal Jurisdiction Under Clean Water Act
Congressional Research Service · 2023-06-21 · Posts · 4,162 words · PDF available
On May 25, 2023, the Supreme Court decided Sackett v. EPA, a case with significant implications for the scope of federal jurisdiction under the Clean Water Act (CWA). While the Court unanimously agree...
Federal Land Management: When “Multiple Use” and “Sustained Yield” Diverge
Congressional Research Service · 2023-06-21 · Posts · 1,256 words · PDF available
The Federal Land Policy and Management Act (FLPMA) has provided the framework for federal management of public lands since 1976. Among other things, FLPMA instructs the Secretary of the Interior (Secr...
Unanimous Supreme Court Rules Bankruptcy Sale Statute Is Not Jurisdictional
Congressional Research Service · 2023-06-20 · Posts · 1,903 words · PDF available
On April 19, 2023, the Supreme Court unanimously held in MOAC Mall Holdings LLC v. Transform Holdco LLC (MOAC) that 11 U.S.C. § 363(m)—a Bankruptcy Code provision that limits the scope of relief an ap...
Transfer and Reprogramming of Appropriations: An Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2023-06-20 · Reports · 14,432 words · PDF available
Congress has recognized a need to permit agencies some flexibility during budget execution after the enactment of appropriations, and it has provided agencies with limited authority to make spending a...
A Brief Examination of Union Membership Data
Congressional Research Service · 2023-06-16 · Reports · 7,684 words · PDF available
In the United States, the share of workers who are unionized relative to the total labor force (union density) has been declining for decades. This report analyzes union density in the United States. ...
India-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2023-06-16 · Reports · 11,719 words · PDF available
India, home to nearly one-fifth of global population, became the world’s most populous country in 2023. Many factors combine to infuse India’s government and people with “great power” aspirations: the...
The Unfunded Mandates Reform Act: A Primer
Congressional Research Service · 2023-06-16 · Resources · 1,659 words · PDF available
Congress enacted the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (UMRA, P.L. 104-4) to “strengthen the partnership between Federal, State, local, and tribal governments by ensuring that the impact of legisla...
CPTPP: Overview and Issues for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2023-06-16 · Resources · 1,712 words · PDF available
The Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) is a free trade agreement (FTA) formed by the 11 remaining members of the proposed Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) aft...
Interstate Compacts: An Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2023-06-15 · Posts · 1,996 words · PDF available
The Compact Clause (Article 1, Section 10, Clause 3) provides that “No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, ... enter into Any Agreement or Compact with another State, or with a foreign Power...
The SBA’s Historically Underutilized Business Zone (HUBZone) Program
Congressional Research Service · 2023-06-15 · Resources · 1,613 words · PDF available
Program Overview The Small Business Administration’s (SBA) HUBZone program provides federal contracting preferences to small businesses located in areas designated by the SBA. Known as HUBZones, SBA d...
Managing Electronic Messages from High-Level Officials Through Capstone
Congressional Research Service · 2023-06-15 · Resources · 1,450 words
In the course of their official duties, federal employees regularly create federal records and, therefore, have records management responsibilities. The Federal Records Act (FRA; 44 U.S.C. Chapters 21...
The President’s Authority to Use the National Guard or the Armed Forces to Secure the Border
Congressional Research Service · 2023-06-15 · Posts · 1,798 words · PDF available
On May 2, 2023, the Biden Administration announced that Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin approved a request from Secretary of Homeland Security Alejandro Mayorkas to send an additional 1,500 active-d...
Pandemic Oversight: The Biden Administration’s New Anti-Fraud Proposal
Congressional Research Service · 2023-06-15 · Reports · 10,382 words · PDF available
On March 2, 2023, the Biden Administration released a new proposal with 17 components intended to enhance the response to fraud against COVID-19 pandemic relief programs and apply lessons learned duri...
Budget Enforcement Rules: Emergency Designations
Congressional Research Service · 2023-06-15 · Reports · 8,105 words · PDF available
Under congressional budgetary enforcement rules, Congress can designate a provision as an emergency requirement by stating as such in the legislative text of that measure. These rules generally establ...
Broadband Equity, Access, and Deployment (BEAD) Program: Issues and Congressional Considerations
Congressional Research Service · 2023-06-15 · Resources · 1,568 words · PDF available
Congress appropriated $42.45 billion to the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) to administer the Broadband Equity, Access, and Deployment (BEAD) Program established unde...
FY2022 State Grants Under Title I-A of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA)
Congressional Research Service · 2023-06-14 · Reports · 4,164 words · PDF available
The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), most recently comprehensively amended by the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA; P.L. 114-95), is the primary source of federal aid to support elementa...
National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities: FY2023 Appropriations
Congressional Research Service · 2023-06-13 · Reports · 2,354 words · PDF available
The National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities is the primary vehicle for federal support for the arts and the humanities. Established in 1965, the Foundation currently consists of three agenc...
Supreme Court Addresses Scope of False Claims Act’s Knowledge Requirement
Congressional Research Service · 2023-06-13 · Posts · 1,457 words · PDF available
On June 1, 2023, the U.S. Supreme Court decided United States ex rel. Schutte v. SuperValu Inc., a case involving the scienter, or mental state, requirement of the False Claims Act (FCA). The FCA proh...
Children’s Hospitals Graduate Medical Education (CHGME)
Congressional Research Service · 2023-06-13 · Reports · 9,111 words · PDF available
The Children’s Hospitals Graduate Medical Education (CHGME) program provides direct financial support to children’s hospitals to train medical residents and fellows. The program is administered by the...
Congressional Primer on Responding to and Recovering from Major Disasters and Emergencies
Congressional Research Service · 2023-06-12 · Reports · 12,150 words · PDF available
In the United States, the principles of disaster management presume a leadership role by the state, local, territorial, and tribal (SLTT) governments affected by the incident. The U.S. federal governm...
Federal Standards and Guidelines for Voting Systems: Overview and Potential Considerations for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2023-06-12 · Reports · 17,380 words · PDF available
States and localities choose the voting systems used in elections in the United States. They decide which systems to use and contract with vendors as necessary to acquire and maintain them. The federa...
From Slip Law to United States Code: A Guide to Federal Statutes for Congressional Offices
Congressional Research Service · 2023-06-12 · Reports · 5,764 words · PDF available
This report provides an overview of federal statutes in their various forms, as well as basic guidance for Members and congressional staff interested in researching statutes. When a bill becomes a law...
Central Asia: Implications of Russia’s War in Ukraine
Congressional Research Service · 2023-06-09 · Reports · 17,699 words · PDF available
The five countries of Central Asia—Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan—share historical, economic, and military ties with Russia, but since they became independen...