Policy Library

7,020 documents

SBA as a Vehicle for Crisis Relief: Lessons from the COVID-19 Pandemic
Congressional Research Service · 2023-09-14 · Reports · 17,821 words · PDF available
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and associated responses caused significant financial damage to many small businesses. To help address this, Congress authorized new financial relief p...
Does Losing a Motion to Suppress Bar a Sentencing Reduction for Admitting Guilt? Federal Courts Are Split
Congressional Research Service · 2023-09-14 · Posts · 2,317 words · PDF available
The U.S. Sentencing Commission may soon address an issue that has divided the federal courts of appeals impacting the lengths of sentences for some criminal defendants who plead guilty after challengi...
Russia’s War in Ukraine: Military and Intelligence Aspects
Congressional Research Service · 2023-09-14 · Reports · 20,067 words · PDF available
Russia’s renewed invasion of neighboring Ukraine in February 2022 marked the start of Europe’s deadliest armed conflict in decades. After a steady buildup of military forces along Ukraine’s borders si...
Corporate Acquisitions and Divisions: Tax Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2023-09-14 · Reports · 12,471 words · PDF available
Corporate reorganizations (mergers and divisions) are eligible in some cases for nonrecognition of gains for tax purposes both at the corporate level and the shareholder level. The purpose of these pr...
Multilateral Development Banks: Overview and Issues for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2023-09-13 · Reports · 7,455 words · PDF available
Multilateral development banks (MDBs) provide financial assistance to developing countries in order to promote economic and social development. The United States is a member and donor to five major MD...
U.S. Offshore Wind Energy Development: Overview and Issues for the 118th Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2023-09-13 · Reports · 15,450 words · PDF available
Offshore wind continues to be of interest as a potentially significant renewable energy resource for the United States. Offshore wind power relies on turbines constructed in bodies of water, which use...
China-Russia Relations
Congressional Research Service · 2023-09-13 · Resources · 1,756 words · PDF available
The People’s Republic of China (PRC or China) and the Russian Federation (Russia) maintain a strategic and multifaceted relationship with extensive military, diplomatic, and economic connections. Alth...
NIST Update on Champlain Towers Collapse Investigation
Congressional Research Service · 2023-09-13 · Resources · 1,397 words · PDF available
Overview On June 24, 2021, part of the Champlain Towers South, a 12-story residential building, collapsed in Surfside, FL, killing 98 people. On June 25, the National Institute of Standards and Techno...
The Federal Communications Commission’s Spectrum Auction Authority: History and Options for Reinstatement
Congressional Research Service · 2023-09-12 · Reports · 5,388 words · PDF available
Radio spectrum (“spectrum”) is the continuum of frequencies used to provide wireless services, such as radio broadcasting, mobile communications, and satellite services. It is a finite and valuable re...
Vessel Construction for Offshore Wind Power Generation
Congressional Research Service · 2023-09-12 · Resources · 1,879 words · PDF available
Introduction The Biden Administration’s goal of having 30 gigawatts of offshore wind power generation installed by 2030 will require construction of at least 2,100 wind turbines, according to the Depa...
Preventive Services Access on the Docket in Braidwood v. Becerra
Congressional Research Service · 2023-09-12 · Posts · 1,804 words · PDF available
Preventive care benefits for millions of privately insured individuals may be impacted by Braidwood Management Inc. et al. v. Becerra (Braidwood), an ongoing legal challenge to a federal requirement f...
Supreme Court Term October 2022: A Review of Selected Major Rulings
Congressional Research Service · 2023-09-12 · Reports · 26,991 words · PDF available
The Supreme Court issued a number of opinions of interest to Congress in the term that began on October 3, 2022. Over the course of the term, the Court decided cases addressing issues including affirm...
U.S.-South Korea Alliance: Issues for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2023-09-12 · Resources · 1,666 words · PDF available
Background South Korea (officially the Republic of Korea, or ROK) is one of the United States’ most important military and economic partners in Asia. The U.S.-ROK Mutual Defense Treaty, signed in 1953...
Naloxone for Opioid Overdose: Considerations for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2023-09-11 · Resources · 1,380 words · PDF available
Opioids, such as heroin, fentanyl, and some prescription pain medications (including morphine and oxycodone), are substances that act on receptors in the body important in regulating pain and emotion....
Third Circuit Decision Highlights Significance of Whether Tax Filing Deadlines In Tax Litigation Are Jurisdictional
Congressional Research Service · 2023-09-11 · Posts · 2,174 words · PDF available
On July 19, the Third Circuit held in Culp v. Commissioner that the filing deadline in 26 U.S.C. § 6213(a) is nonjurisdictional and can be extended under certain circumstances. Section 6213(a) gives m...
Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (September 5, 2023–September 10, 2023)
Congressional Research Service · 2023-09-11 · Posts · 1,755 words · PDF available
The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to fede...
Financial Intelligence Units (FIUs), the U.S. Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, and FIU Operational Independence
Congressional Research Service · 2023-09-08 · Resources · 1,511 words · PDF available
As Congress considers anti-money laundering and countering the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) policy options, one factor may include their effect on Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU) “operational in...
Election Administration: Overview of FY2024 Financial Services and General Government (FSGG) Appropriations
Congressional Research Service · 2023-09-08 · Resources · 1,549 words · PDF available
States and localities have primary responsibility for administering elections in the United States, but the federal government supports and shapes their efforts. One way it does so is through appropri...
Export Controls—International Coordination: Issues for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2023-09-08 · Reports · 23,414 words · PDF available
Since the 1940s, the United States has maintained a regime of peacetime controls on exports for national security, foreign policy, and economic purposes. During that time, Congress has increasingly em...
Gene-Edited Plants: Regulation and Issues for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2023-09-07 · Reports · 9,028 words · PDF available
Throughout history, farmers and plant breeders have employed selective breeding techniques to develop desirable traits in crops. This has involved crossing plants with desired characteristics and sele...
Quantum Computing: Concepts, Current State, and Considerations for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2023-09-07 · Reports · 10,957 words · PDF available
Congress passed and the President signed into law the National Quantum Initiative Act (NQI Act; P.L. 115-368; codified at 15 U.S.C. §§8801 et seq.) in December 2018 to accelerate quantum research and ...
Federal Funding Gaps: A Brief Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2023-09-07 · Reports · 5,495 words · PDF available
The Antideficiency Act (31 U.S.C. 1341-1342, 1511-1519) generally bars the obligation of funds in the absence of appropriations. Exceptions are made under the act, including for activities involving “...
Office of the Special Presidential Envoy for Climate
Congressional Research Service · 2023-09-07 · Resources · 1,610 words · PDF available
Establishment In November 2020, then President-elect Joe Biden announced that he would appoint former Secretary of State John F. Kerry to serve in a new Cabinet-level position of Special Presidential ...
Role of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in Environmental Justice
Congressional Research Service · 2023-09-07 · Resources · 1,593 words · PDF available
The role of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in environmental justice is rooted in multiple executive orders (E.O.s) and implemented through a wide range of agency programs and activitie...
Overview of Selected No Surprises Act Litigation
Congressional Research Service · 2023-09-07 · Posts · 2,915 words · PDF available
The No Surprises Act (NSA), part of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (P.L. 116-260), established various consumer protections related to surprise billing—i.e., circumstances where individuals...
The Kingdom of Bhutan
Congressional Research Service · 2023-09-06 · Resources · 1,608 words · PDF available
Background The Kingdom of Bhutan is a small, landlocked Himalayan country situated between India and the People’s Republic of China (PRC, or China). The mountainous kingdom is about half the size of I...
National Security Review Bodies (Part I): Legal Context and Comparison
Congressional Research Service · 2023-09-06 · Posts · 2,880 words · PDF available
Federal law creates several frameworks that allow the United States to review the national security risks posed by some private commercial transactions. These legal frameworks give the United States a...
National Security Review Bodies (Part II): Creating New Review Systems
Congressional Research Service · 2023-09-06 · Posts · 1,149 words · PDF available
Some observers and Members of Congress have advocated for new or expanded national security review frameworks to examine transactions that may not be subject to existing procedures. Proposals in the 1...
Jewish Holidays: Fact Sheet
Congressional Research Service · 2023-09-06 · Reports · 1,941 words · PDF available
Judaism is one of the three major Abrahamic faiths, alongside Islam and Christianity. Many traditions and variations of Judaism are practiced in the United States, including cultural and religious var...
The Legal Framework for Federal Methane Regulation
Congressional Research Service · 2023-09-05 · Resources · 1,678 words · PDF available
Methane is a greenhouse gas with 25 times the warming capacity of carbon dioxide. Methane makes up about 11% of all greenhouse gas emissions in the United States. Primary sources of methane include oi...
Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (August 28, 2023–September 4, 2023)
Congressional Research Service · 2023-09-05 · Posts · 2,317 words · PDF available
The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to fede...
The Supreme Court’s Narrow Construction of Federal Criminal Laws: Historical Practice and Recent Trends
Congressional Research Service · 2023-09-05 · Posts · 2,807 words · PDF available
Criminal law marks a boundary between conduct that society deems permissible and behavior that it deems worthy of punishment. Those who cross the line may be subject to penalty and social disapproval....
Federal Student Loans: Return to Repayment
Congressional Research Service · 2023-09-01 · Resources · 1,658 words · PDF available
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, since March 2020, the accrual of interest, monthly payments, and involuntary collections have been paused on most federal student loans. The Fiscal Responsibility...
Environmental Provisions in Free Trade Agreements (FTAs)
Congressional Research Service · 2023-09-01 · Resources · 1,528 words · PDF available
Linkages between trade and environmental protection have long been a concern to some U.S. policymakers and stakeholders. The central question is whether trade liberalization (i.e., the removal of barr...
Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA) Production
Congressional Research Service · 2023-08-31 · Resources · 1,704 words · PDF available
The 2018 farm bill (Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018, P.L. 115-334) expanded support for “urban agriculture and innovative production methods like indoor and rooftop farming.” In a Joint Explanator...
Supreme Court Narrows Dormant Commerce Clause and Upholds State Animal Welfare Law
Congressional Research Service · 2023-08-31 · Posts · 3,079 words · PDF available
On May 11, 2023, the Supreme Court upheld a California rule (Proposition 12) banning the in-state sale of whole pork meat from pigs that had been “confined in a cruel manner,” even if those pigs were ...
FEMA Assistance for Migrants Through the Emergency Food and Shelter Program-Humanitarian (EFSP-H) and Shelter and Services Program (SSP)
Congressional Research Service · 2023-08-31 · Reports · 26,364 words · PDF available
In FY2022, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) had a record high number of enforcement encounters at the U.S.-Mexico border: 2.4 million individuals who either arrived at a port of entry an...
Taylor v. McDonough: Veterans Disability Benefits and Secret Military Programs
Congressional Research Service · 2023-08-31 · Posts · 2,132 words · PDF available
On June 15, 2023, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit decided Taylor v. McDonough. The case involved a veteran (Mr. Taylor) who had a service-connected disability resulting from particip...
The Statutory Bars to Reentry into the United States
Congressional Research Service · 2023-08-30 · Resources · 1,840 words · PDF available
Federal immigration laws set forth the conditions under which aliens (as defined in 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(3)) may enter or remain in the United States. Aliens applying for a visa from abroad, presenting ...
Infrastructure Codes, Standards, and Regulations: Frequently Asked Questions
Congressional Research Service · 2023-08-29 · Reports · 8,158 words · PDF available
Ensuring the safe operation of and uninterrupted services provided by infrastructure, as well as resiliency, efficiency, environmental protection, and other aspects of infrastructure performance, may ...
Applying the Telephone Consumer Protection Act to Shared Phones
Congressional Research Service · 2023-08-29 · Posts · 1,176 words · PDF available
The Telephone Consumer Protection Act (TCPA) is one of the primary federal statutes that regulates robocalls made to residential and wireless phones. The Act is enforced by the Federal Communications ...
Maternal, Infant, and Early Childhood Home Visiting Program
Congressional Research Service · 2023-08-29 · Resources · 1,613 words · PDF available
The Maternal, Infant, and Early Childhood Home Visiting (MIECHV) program is the primary federal program that focuses exclusively on home visiting. The program seeks to provide and strengthen home visi...
Federal Policies to Expand Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure
Congressional Research Service · 2023-08-28 · Reports · 12,073 words · PDF available
On November 15, 2021, President Biden signed the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA, P.L. 117-58). This broad infrastructure law addresses a range of issues. To expand the national network o...
Removal Proceedings and the Immigration Court Backlog
Congressional Research Service · 2023-08-28 · Infographics · 501 words · PDF available
Removal Proceedings and the Immigration Court Backlog Immigration court cases are adjudicated by the Executive Office for Immigration Review (EOIR), an agency within the U.S. Department of Justice, u...
Medication Abortion: New Litigation May Affect Access
Congressional Research Service · 2023-08-28 · Posts · 2,483 words · PDF available
The Supreme Court’s decision in Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization has spurred significant debate over federal and state regulation of medication abortion—a pregnancy termination method inv...
Defining and Regulating Online Platforms
Congressional Research Service · 2023-08-25 · Reports · 14,956 words · PDF available
The internet has been broadly characterized by an open, decentralized model of content creation, distribution, and consumption. Users’ access to online content evolved from retrieving information from...
The Section 45Q Tax Credit for Carbon Sequestration
Congressional Research Service · 2023-08-25 · Resources · 1,529 words · PDF available
Carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) technologies are intended to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from fossil fuel-fired power plants, as well as other large industrial sources. The tax credit...
Pell Grants for Short-Term Programs: Background and Legislation in the 118th Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2023-08-24 · Reports · 14,877 words · PDF available
The Federal Pell Grant program, authorized by Title IV of the Higher Education Act (HEA), is the single largest source of federal grant aid supporting postsecondary education students. For several yea...
The UPS-Teamsters Labor Dispute and Taft-Hartley’s National Emergency Provisions
Congressional Research Service · 2023-08-24 · Resources · 1,504 words · PDF available
Introduction On August 22, 2023, United Parcel Service (UPS) package delivery drivers and warehouse logistics workers, who are represented by the International Brotherhood of Teamsters, voted to ratif...
Statues and Busts in the U.S. Capitol: Collections and Authorities
Congressional Research Service · 2023-08-24 · Resources · 996 words · PDF available
The U.S. Capitol is home to hundreds of works of art. Among them are a number of statues and busts, including the National Statuary Hall Collection and the Senate Vice Presidential Bust Collection, wh...