Policy Library

6,587 documents

Veterans and Homelessness
Congressional Research Service · 2023-04-12 · Reports · 20,135 words · PDF available
From the time of the Vietnam War, and continuing as veterans returned from wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, data show that veterans have experienced homelessness at rates exceeding their representation i...
Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (April 3-April 7, 2023)
Congressional Research Service · 2023-04-11 · Posts · 1,629 words · PDF available
The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to fede...
Justice for United States Victims of State Sponsored Terrorism Act: Eligibility and Funding
Congressional Research Service · 2023-04-11 · Resources · 1,668 words · PDF available
Since 1996, the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA; 28 U.S.C. §§ 1602-11) has authorized U.S. courts to order state sponsors of terrorism—namely, Iran, North Korea, Cuba, and Syria, and previously...
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families: The Decline in Assistance Receipt Among Eligible Individuals
Congressional Research Service · 2023-04-10 · Reports · 8,641 words · PDF available
The decline in the number of people receiving family cash assistance is a distinctive characteristic of the period after enactment of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Ac...
International Trade and Finance: Overview and Issues for the 118th Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2023-04-07 · Reports · 2,863 words · PDF available
The congressional role in U.S. trade policy includes setting priorities for trade negotiations, requiring notification from or consultation with the executive branch on select issues, enacting laws au...
Silicon Valley Bank’s Failure and Potential Director/Officer Liability
Congressional Research Service · 2023-04-07 · Posts · 3,331 words · PDF available
On March 10, 2023, a California banking regulator closed Silicon Valley Bank (SVB), making it the second-largest bank by assets to fail in U.S. history. At the same time, the state regulator appointed...
Climate Change and Adaptation: Department of Defense
Congressional Research Service · 2023-04-06 · Resources · 1,558 words · PDF available
Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin has stated that “to keep the nation secure, [the Department of Defense (DOD)], must tackle the existential threat of climate change.” DOD has released a number of doc...
Grants Work in a Congressional Office
Congressional Research Service · 2023-04-06 · Reports · 5,499 words · PDF available
Members of Congress frequently receive requests from grantseekers needing funds for projects in districts and states. In considering a response, a congressional office might first determine its polici...
The Feres Doctrine: Congress, the Courts, and Military Servicemember Lawsuits Against the United States
Congressional Research Service · 2023-04-05 · Posts · 2,232 words · PDF available
The Supreme Court’s 1950 decision in Feres v. United States generally bars individuals from pursuing tort lawsuits against the United States for injuries arising from active-duty military service, est...
Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (March 27-March 31, 2023)
Congressional Research Service · 2023-04-05 · Posts · 1,575 words · PDF available
The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to fede...
Military Jurisdiction over Retired Servicemembers
Congressional Research Service · 2023-04-05 · Posts · 1,715 words · PDF available
Members of the United States Armed Forces are governed by a distinct criminal legal regime: the military justice system. (They are also subject to civilian laws and courts.) The purposes of this syste...
Social Security: Selected Findings of the 2023 Annual Report
Congressional Research Service · 2023-04-05 · Resources · 1,713 words · PDF available
According to the 2023 report of the Board of Trustees of the Social Security Trust Funds, the program’s finances are in a similar, albeit marginally worse, position in 2023 relative to what they were ...
The Self-Employment Assistance (SEA) Program
Congressional Research Service · 2023-04-04 · Reports · 5,279 words · PDF available
Self-employment is one potential pathway to exit a spell of unemployment. The regular Unemployment Compensation (UC) program generally requires unemployed workers to be actively seeking work and to be...
Small Business Contracting Under Category Management
Congressional Research Service · 2023-04-04 · Resources · 1,230 words · PDF available
Summary Category management is an initiative led by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) to help federal agencies collectively save money on the goods and services they purchase. A key feature of...
DHS Budget Request Analysis: FY2024
Congressional Research Service · 2023-04-04 · Reports · 12,068 words · PDF available
On March 9, 2023, the Joseph R. Biden, Jr. Administration released its budget request for FY2024, including $103.18 billion in total budget authority for the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). DHS...
Long-Term Drought and Glen Canyon Dam: Potential Effects on Water Deliveries and Hydropower
Congressional Research Service · 2023-04-04 · Reports · 9,452 words · PDF available
The Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) owns and operates the Glen Canyon Unit (near Page, AZ) as part of the federal Colorado River Storage Project. The unit includes Glen Canyon Dam, on the Colorado...
Data on State and Local Public Sector Employment Not Covered Under Social Security
Congressional Research Service · 2023-04-04 · Reports · 5,656 words · PDF available
Social Security is a work-based federal insurance program that provides cash benefits to workers and their eligible family members in the event of the worker’s retirement, disability, or death. Worker...
The Willow Project: History and Litigation
Congressional Research Service · 2023-04-03 · Posts · 1,541 words · PDF available
On March 13, 2023, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), an agency within the Department of the Interior tasked with management of federal public lands and resources, issued a new Record of Decision ap...
Regional Innovation: Federal Programs and Issues for Consideration
Congressional Research Service · 2023-04-03 · Reports · 14,151 words · PDF available
In recent years, Congress has increased support for economic development policies that incorporate a regional innovation systems (RIS) approach. RIS are composed of public and private sector partners,...
Tax-Advantaged Savings Accounts: Overview and Policy Considerations
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-31 · Reports · 11,055 words · PDF available
Congress has created a variety of tax-advantaged savings accounts to encourage taxpayers to save for certain expenses. These accounts are some of the largest benefits administered through the United S...
Energy and Minerals Provisions in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (P.L. 117-58)
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-31 · Reports · 24,320 words · PDF available
On November 15, 2021, President Biden signed the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA, P.L. 117-58). This broad infrastructure law addresses a range of issues, including surface transportation...
The Railway Labor Act and Congressional Action
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-30 · Posts · 1,557 words · PDF available
The Railway Labor Act (RLA; 45 U.S.C. §§ 151 et seq.) governs disputes between railway carriers and labor unions. Beginning in 2019, labor unions representing railway employees and the National Carrie...
House Rules Changes Affecting Floor Proceedings in the 118th Congress (2023-2024)
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-30 · Reports · 4,619 words · PDF available
As agreed to in the House, H.Res. 5, a resolution adopting the rules of the House of Representatives, provided amendments to the standing rules and separate orders that affect floor proceedings in the...
Reasonable Accommodations for Employees with Disabilities
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-30 · Resources · 1,720 words · PDF available
Three federal laws provide the primary protections for employees and job applicants with disabilities. First, Title I of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), 42 U.S.C. §§ 12111–12117, prohibits ...
Safe Drinking Water Act: Proposed National Primary Drinking Water Regulation for Specified PFAS
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-30 · Resources · 1,777 words · PDF available
Detections of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in public water supplies have heightened public and congressional interest in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA’s) authorities un...
Communications Between Congress and Federal Agencies During the Rulemaking Process
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-30 · Resources · 1,609 words · PDF available
Congress often delegates legislative authority to federal agencies in statute. Using that authority, agencies issue regulations to implement legislative objectives and programs. Regulations carry the ...
Reclamation Water Storage Projects: Section 4007 of the Water Infrastructure Improvements for the Nation (WIIN) Act
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-30 · Resources · 1,205 words · PDF available
Congress created a new authority for the Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation, part of the Department of the Interior) to build new water storage projects in Section 4007 of the Water Infrastructure Imp...
Congress’s Authority to Influence and Control Executive Branch Agencies
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-30 · Reports · 32,025 words · PDF available
The Constitution does not establish administrative agencies or explicitly prescribe the manner by which they may be created. Even so, the Supreme Court has generally recognized that Congress has broad...
Import Monitoring Systems: Steel and Aluminum
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-29 · Resources · 1,572 words · PDF available
Background Over the years, several domestic manufacturing industries have sought insulation from import competition—two of particular note include steel and aluminum. Both industries have formally est...
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans: Development, Implementation, and Considerations for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-28 · Reports · 19,860 words · PDF available
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) provides federally developed food-based recommendations designed to promote health and prevent disease. As mandated by the National Nutrition Monitoring and ...
FY2023 District of Columbia Budget and Appropriations
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-27 · Reports · 4,423 words · PDF available
The District of Columbia (DC) government’s local operating budget and much of its local legislation is subject to congressional approval, pursuant to the plenary legislative authority of Congress over...
Deposit Insurance and the Failures of Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-27 · Resources · 1,706 words · PDF available
Congress created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) in the wake of the Great Depression to limit the losses depositors would face if their banks failed. It did so to instill confidence i...
Department of Labor Guidance and Regulations on the Exercise of Shareholder Rights by Private-Sector Pension Plans
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-27 · Resources · 1,549 words
Introduction The fiduciary standards in the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA; P.L. 93-406, as amended) require that individuals who make decisions for private-sector pension plan...
Introduction to the Farm Bill: Videos
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-27 · Reports · 1,812 words · PDF available
This report constitutes a guide to a series of video presentations that examine the various programs and policies that comprise omnibus legislation on farm and food policy, commonly known as “the farm...
Federal Procurement: Emergency-Related Acquisition Flexibilities
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-27 · Reports · 6,796 words · PDF available
Federal procurement is an essential component of the federal government’s response to disasters, emergencies, and other types of incidents. Procurement data for federal government spending related to ...
Department of Labor Guidance and Regulations on Selecting Private-Sector Pension Plan Investments
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-27 · Resources · 1,524 words · PDF available
Introduction The fiduciary standards in the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA; P.L. 93-406, as amended) require that individuals who make decisions for private-sector pension plan...
Social Security Taxable Earnings Base: An Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-27 · Resources · 1,505 words · PDF available
Introduction Social Security payroll taxes are levied on covered earnings up to a maximum level set each year. This maximum is known as the contribution and benefit base and commonly referred to as th...
Perez v. Sturgis Public Schools: the Supreme Court Considers a Futility Exception to IDEA Administrative Exhaustion
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-24 · Posts · 2,848 words · PDF available
The Supreme Court recently considered the interplay between the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) and other federal laws protecting students with disabilities, particularly the Americ...
The Hydrogen Economy: Putting the Pieces Together
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-24 · Reports · 15,467 words · PDF available
A future economy using hydrogen as an energy carrier and fuel has been a topic among policymakers evaluating whether hydrogen could offer an alternative to the current system that provides modern ener...
2022 Nuclear Posture Review: Selected Programmatic Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-24 · Resources · 1,455 words · PDF available
Background The unclassified 2022 Nuclear Posture Review (NPR), a legislatively mandated document (10 U.S.C., Ch. 24), describes the Biden Administration’s plans to continue to modernize U.S. nuclear f...
Middle East and North Africa-China Relations
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-23 · Reports · 18,992 words · PDF available
The People’s Republic of China (PRC, or China) has been expanding and strengthening its diplomatic, security, commercial, and cultural ties with countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) re...
Programs for Minority-Serving Institutions Under the Higher Education Act
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-23 · Reports · 22,844 words · PDF available
Minority-serving institutions (MSIs) are institutions of higher education that serve high concentrations of minority students who, historically, have been underrepresented in higher education. Many MS...
Transfer of Defense Articles: U.S. Sale and Export of U.S.-Made Arms to Foreign Entities
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-23 · Reports · 14,613 words · PDF available
An extensive set of laws, regulations, policies, and procedures govern the sale and export of U.S.-origin weapons to foreign countries (“defense articles and defense services,” officially). Congress h...
Labor Enforcement Issues in U.S. FTAs
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-23 · Resources · 1,781 words · PDF available
Background Labor provisions in free trade agreements (FTAs)—both in the United States and globally—were first included in the North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation (NAALC), a side agreement to...
Digital Biology: Implications of Genetic Sequencing
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-23 · Resources · 1,495 words · PDF available
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the molecule that carries genetic information of an organism. This genetic code is composed of nucleotide bases (A, T, C, and G). The sequence of these bases encodes inf...
Bank Failures and the FDIC
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-23 · Resources · 1,859 words · PDF available
This In Focus provides an introduction to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation’s (FDIC’s) process for resolving failing FDIC-insured banks. It also identifies policy issues Congress may consider ...
Department of Energy Funding for Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology Programs FY2022
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-23 · Resources · 1,515 words · PDF available
The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Hydrogen Program, led by the Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Office (HFTO) within the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) addresses the deve...
The Role of International Tribunals in the Response to the Invasion of Ukraine
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-22 · Posts · 2,753 words · PDF available
The Ukrainian government and much of the international community contend that actions taken by Russian forces following its February 2022 invasion of Ukraine violate international law. At the outset o...
Social Security Administration (SSA): FY2023 Annual Limitation on Administrative Expenses (LAE) Appropriation: In Brief
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-22 · Reports · 2,828 words · PDF available
The Social Security Administration (SSA) is responsible for administering the nation’s primary income support programs for older adults and individuals with disabilities: Social Security and Supplemen...
Noncitizen Eligibility for Employment Authorization and Work-Authorized Social Security Numbers (SSNs)
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-22 · Reports · 7,988 words
While U.S. citizens who are of sufficient age are authorized to work in the United States, noncitizens must have an immigration status that specifically authorizes them to work in the country; this is...