Policy Library

7,020 documents

Enforcement of Congressional Rules of Conduct: A Historical Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2025-08-28 · Reports · 8,806 words · PDF available
The Constitution vests Congress with broad authority to discipline its Members. Only since 1964, however, have the Senate and House of Representatives established formal rules of conduct and disciplin...
Who Pays for Long-Term Services and Supports?
Congressional Research Service · 2025-08-28 · Resources · 1,542 words · PDF available
Long-term services and supports (LTSS) encompass a wide range of health and social services, as well as other types of assistance (e.g., medical devices and technology), that are needed by individuals...
Military parades and memory wars: China and Russia commemorate history to reimagine international order
Brookings Institution · 2025-08-27 · Article · 3,092 words · PDF available
Beyond martial splendor and reminders of China's and Russia's contributions to the war effort, these military parades are part of an ongoing “memory war.”
United States v. Ahlgren: A Study in Lost Cryptocurrency Tax Revenue
Congressional Research Service · 2025-08-27 · Posts · 2,600 words · PDF available
On December 12, 2024, in United States v. Ahlgren, the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Texas sentenced Frank Richard Ahlgren to 24 months in prison. The Department of Justice described...
Electric Vehicle Technologies and Selected Policy Issues for the 119th Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2025-08-27 · Reports · 7,078 words · PDF available
Electric vehicles (EVs) remain a focus of transportation and energy policy in the United States. EVs—comprising hybrid-electric vehicles (HEVs), plug-in hybrid-electric vehicles (PHEVs), and battery-e...
Hypersonic Weapons: Background and Issues for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2025-08-27 · Reports · 16,223 words · PDF available
The United States has actively pursued the development of hypersonic weapons—maneuvering weapons that fly at speeds of at least Mach 5—as a part of its conventional prompt global strike program since ...
Suspension of the Rules: House Practice in the 118th Congress (2023-2024)
Congressional Research Service · 2025-08-27 · Reports · 6,940 words · PDF available
Suspension of the rules is the most commonly used procedure to call up measures on the floor of the House of Representatives. As the name suggests, the procedure allows the House to suspend its standi...
U.S. Department of Transportation: Background on Modal Administrations
Congressional Research Service · 2025-08-27 · Reports · 5,446 words · PDF available
The Trump Administration’s initiatives with respect to the staffing, funding, or management of several federal agencies have raised questions about possible reorganization plans for the Department of ...
The Good Cause Exception to Notice and Comment Rulemaking
Congressional Research Service · 2025-08-27 · Reports · 10,994 words · PDF available
If authorized by Congress, federal agencies can issue rules that bind the public with the force and effect of statutes. The Administrative Procedure Act (APA) generally requires agencies to provide pu...
Bills, Resolutions, Nominations, and Treaties: Characteristics and Examples of Use
Congressional Research Service · 2025-08-27 · Reports · 4,107 words · PDF available
In each chamber of Congress, four forms of legislative measures may be introduced (or, in the case of resolutions, submitted) and acted on: bills, joint resolutions, concurrent resolutions, and resolu...
Appellate Courts Divided on Whether a Single Incident of Sexual Harassment Can Trigger Title IX Liability for Schools
Congressional Research Service · 2025-08-26 · Posts · 2,984 words · PDF available
Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (Title IX) prohibits sex discrimination in education programs and activities that receive federal financial assistance. Recipient schools can be liable und...
U.S.-China Tariff Actions Since 2018: An Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2025-08-26 · Resources · 1,604 words · PDF available
Since 2018, the U.S. government has imposed a series of tariffs on imports from the People’s Republic of China (PRC, or China) with the stated intention of addressing U.S. concerns about PRC trade pra...
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Block Grant: A Primer
Congressional Research Service · 2025-08-26 · Reports · 12,923 words · PDF available
The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) block grant provides federal grants to the 50 states, District of Columbia, and territories (collectively, “states”), as well as Indian tribes. TANF ...
Financial Fraud and Scams: The Roles of Federal Law Enforcement and Financial Regulators
Congressional Research Service · 2025-08-26 · Resources · 1,541 words · PDF available
Reported losses associated with financial fraud and scams have been increasing, garnering attention from law enforcement, private industry, policymakers, and the general public. In 2024, the Federal T...
Data Centers and Their Energy Consumption: Frequently Asked Questions
Congressional Research Service · 2025-08-26 · Reports · 6,441 words · PDF available
In its simplest form, a data center is a physical facility that houses and runs large computer systems. U.S. data center annual energy use in 2023 (not accounting for cryptocurrency) was approximately...
Private Sector: Accounting and Auditing Regulatory Structure
Congressional Research Service · 2025-08-26 · Reports · 12,408 words · PDF available
In the United States, accounting and auditing standards are promulgated and regulated by various federal, state, and self-regulatory agencies. Accounting and auditing standards are also influenced by ...
Salaries of Members of Congress: Congressional Votes, 1990-2025
Congressional Research Service · 2025-08-26 · Reports · 18,529 words · PDF available
Article I, Section 6, of the U.S. Constitution requires that compensation for Members of Congress be “ascertained by law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States.” Congress has relied on th...
Illicit Fentanyl and Mexico’s Role
Congressional Research Service · 2025-08-26 · Resources · 1,766 words · PDF available
For over a decade, the synthetic opioid fentanyl has been a key driver of the opioid crisis in the United States. Countering the international trafficking of fentanyl and its analogues and precursor c...
EPA’s Proposed Reorganization of Its Office of Research and Development
Congressional Research Service · 2025-08-26 · Posts · 941 words · PDF available
On May 2, 2025, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Administrator Lee Zeldin announced and opined on a reorganization effort that would integrate scientific staff from EPA’s Office of Research ...
Defense Acquisition Reform: Executive and Legislative Branch Actions
Congressional Research Service · 2025-08-26 · Posts · 985 words · PDF available
Background The Department of Defense (DOD) procures its weapon systems through the defense acquisition system (DAS), which typically determines the process by which DOD develops and buys goods and ser...
Rights-of-Way for Access On or Through Tribal Lands
Congressional Research Service · 2025-08-26 · Resources · 1,851 words · PDF available
Congress has constitutional authority over issues relating to federally recognized Tribes (hereinafter, Tribes), which it has used to regulate access on and through tribal lands. In addition, the fede...
Salaries of Members of Congress: Recent Actions and Historical Tables
Congressional Research Service · 2025-08-26 · Reports · 15,026 words · PDF available
Congress is required by Article I, Section 6, of the Constitution to determine its own pay. In the past, Congress periodically enacted specific legislation to alter its pay; the last time this occurre...
Strobe Talbott's diplomatic legacy
Brookings Institution · 2025-08-25 · Article · 1,816 words
An out-of-the-box thinker, Strobe Talbott was not constrained by conventional wisdom and generally accepted theories.
Supreme Court to Examine Liability of Internet Service Providers for Their Users’ Copyright Infringement
Congressional Research Service · 2025-08-25 · Posts · 2,976 words · PDF available
The Supreme Court recently agreed to hear arguments in Cox Communications, Inc. v. Sony Music Entertainment during its October 2025 term. Cox v. Sony is a high-stakes copyright dispute brought by reco...
Surface Transportation Reauthorization: Public Transportation
Congressional Research Service · 2025-08-25 · Reports · 12,708 words · PDF available
Federal funding assistance to public transportation agencies is provided primarily through the public transportation program administered by the Department of Transportation’s Federal Transit Administ...
High Court Rejects Private Challenges to Medicaid Provider Requirements
Congressional Research Service · 2025-08-25 · Posts · 2,995 words · PDF available
In June 2025, the Supreme Court issued its decision in Medina v. Planned Parenthood South Atlantic, holding that private litigants cannot sue under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Section 1983) to challenge a state...
Unemployment Insurance: Legislative Issues in the 119th Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2025-08-25 · Reports · 9,223 words · PDF available
The Unemployment Insurance (UI) system is a joint federal-state partnership that consists of two types of benefits: (1) permanently authorized programs, including the Unemployment Compensation (UC) an...
Taiwan and the International Community
Congressional Research Service · 2025-08-25 · Resources · 1,594 words · PDF available
Introduction Taiwan, the self-governing Asian democracy that formally calls itself the Republic of China (ROC), has struggled to maintain “international space” for itself in the world. The People’s Re...
Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management
Congressional Research Service · 2025-08-25 · Resources · 1,495 words · PDF available
Ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM; Figure 1) is a systems-level management approach for living marine resources (LMRs) that accounts for an ecosystem’s physical, biological, economic, and soc...
The Pacific Islands Heritage Marine National Monument: Commercial Fishing Interests and Considerations for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2025-08-25 · Resources · 1,670 words · PDF available
Introduction The Pacific Islands Heritage Marine National Monument (PIHMNM; Figure 1), known as the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument until January 2, 2025, is an area in the Central Pac...
Financial Data Transparency Act: Implementation Status of Data Standards and Related Data Collection Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2025-08-25 · Resources · 1,614 words · PDF available
The Financial Data Transparency Act (FDTA, P.L. 117-263 §5801 [136 Stat. 3421]), enacted in 2022, requires agencies that oversee the activities of financial institutions to adopt data standards to gov...
U.S.-India Relations: A Summary
Congressional Research Service · 2025-08-25 · Resources · 1,686 words · PDF available
India, the world’s largest democracy and most populous country, overtook Japan in 2025 to become the fourth-largest economy. India’s expanding strategic horizons and increased engagement with internat...
Constitution Day and Citizenship Day: Fact Sheet
Congressional Research Service · 2025-08-25 · Reports · 1,447 words · PDF available
Constitution Day and Citizenship Day is a federal commemoration observed annually on September 17 by encouraging citizens to learn about their civic responsibilities and opportunities. This fact shee...
Interim and Acting U.S. Attorneys Raise Open Legal Questions
Congressional Research Service · 2025-08-22 · Posts · 3,256 words · PDF available
There are 93 U.S. Attorneys’ Offices across the country, charged with enforcing federal law and representing the United States in federal courts. The U.S. Attorneys at the head of these offices are ap...
Landslides: Federal Role in Research, Assessment, and Response
Congressional Research Service · 2025-08-22 · Reports · 9,943 words · PDF available
Landslide hazards may occur across the United States and its territories, and landslide risks may be increasing. A landslide is a movement of a mass of rock, debris, or soil down a slope. Mountainous,...
Establishment Clause Limits on Government Support for Religion
Congressional Research Service · 2025-08-22 · Reports · 11,331 words · PDF available
The first two provisions of the U.S. Constitution’s First Amendment, known as the Religion Clauses, state that “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the fr...
Smithsonian Institution: Selected Legislation, 119th Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2025-08-22 · Resources · 1,686 words · PDF available
The Smithsonian Institution is a complex of museum, education, research, and revenue-generating entities primarily located in the Washington, DC, region, with additional facilities and activities acro...
RICO: A Sketch
Congressional Research Service · 2025-08-22 · Reports · 36,100 words · PDF available
Congress enacted the federal Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organization (RICO) provisions as part of the Organized Crime Control Act of 1970. Despite its name and origin, RICO is not limited to “mo...
Beyond the Alaska summit
Brookings Institution · 2025-08-21 · Article · 1,456 words
For now, the outcome of the Alaska and White House summits is that the United States will push to accelerate negotiations to end the war.
The Five Tickets to the Middle Class
Third Way · 2025-08-21 · Memo · 1,404 words
Third Way is a center-left think tank that champions modern solutions to the most challenging problems in US public policy, including the economy, climate and energy, national security, social policy,...
Homebuilder in Chief: A Plan to Build 12 Million New Homes
Third Way · 2025-08-21 · Memo · 1,150 words
Democrats need to be the party that makes the middle class affordable and accessible. As part of that, there needs to be a commitment to building more new homes than we have at any other time in the l...
Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Reporting on Apportionments
Congressional Research Service · 2025-08-21 · Posts · 1,042 words · PDF available
Congress enacts annual appropriations and other budgetary legislation to provide agencies with budget authority, which allows them to spend federal dollars. To prevent agencies from prematurely exhaus...
The Senate’s Byrd Rule: Frequently Asked Questions
Congressional Research Service · 2025-08-21 · Reports · 10,479 words · PDF available
When the Senate is considering a reconciliation bill, Section 313 of the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act (the Budget Act) prohibits the inclusion of matter that is “extraneous” to a c...
Bureau of Land Management: FY2025 Appropriations
Congressional Research Service · 2025-08-21 · Resources · 1,464 words · PDF available
The Bureau of Land Management (BLM), in the Department of the Interior (DOI), manages 245 million acres of federal land, nearly all in the West. Under its multiple-use mission, BLM manages lands for d...
Economic Perspectives on Electric Vehicle Tax Credits
Congressional Research Service · 2025-08-21 · Resources · 1,864 words · PDF available
P.L. 119-21, commonly known as the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA), terminated three tax credits for plug-in electric vehicle (EV) purchases: the used clean vehicle credit (UCVC), the credit for qu...
The Jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice (ICJ)
Congressional Research Service · 2025-08-21 · Infographics · 749 words · PDF available
/ The Jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) The ICJ is a permanent international court created in 1945 by the United Nations Charter as "the principal judicial organ of ...
Congressional District Geography Workbook (119th Congress): An Interactive Tool for Congressional Users
Congressional Research Service · 2025-08-21 · Posts · 3,066 words · PDF available
This Insight accompanies the Congressional District Geography Workbook, a Microsoft Excel file that congressional users can download from CRS.gov. The workbook provides information about U.S. House di...
Patriot Day: Fact Sheet
Congressional Research Service · 2025-08-21 · Reports · 756 words · PDF available
In 2001, P.L. 107-89 designated September 11 as Patriot Day to honor the individuals who lost their lives as a result of the terrorist attacks against the United States on September 11, 2001. The law ...
The 2018 Farm Bill’s Hemp Definition and Legal Challenges to State Laws Restricting Certain THC Products
Congressional Research Service · 2025-08-20 · Reports · 11,429 words · PDF available
Unless an exception applies, cannabis and its derivatives are considered marijuana, which is a Schedule I controlled substance under the Controlled Substances Act (CSA). Schedule I controlled substanc...
Medicare Graduate Medical Education, 2025
Congressional Research Service · 2025-08-20 · Resources · 1,576 words · PDF available
Medicare makes a significant investment in medical residency training (or graduate medical education [GME]). It paid an estimated $21.2 billion in FY2023, primarily to hospitals. The Government Accoun...