Policy Library

6,587 documents

Constitutional Authority Statements and the Powers of Congress: An Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-08 · Reports · 17,050 words · PDF available
On January 5, 2011, the House of Representatives adopted an amendment to House Rule XII to require that a Member state the constitutional basis for Congress’s power to enact the proposed legislation w...
Duplicate Congressional Gold Medals: Frequently Asked Questions
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-07 · Resources · 1,357 words · PDF available
Congressional Gold Medals (CGMs) are awarded by acts of Congress to express public gratitude for distinguished contributions, dramatize the virtues of patriotism, and perpetuate the remembrance of gre...
Copyright Law: An Introduction and Issues for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-07 · Resources · 1,631 words · PDF available
Copyright law grants the authors of original creative works a set of exclusive rights in their creations, including the right to prevent others from copying or selling the work without the copyright h...
U.S. Measures to Provide Liquefied Natural Gas for the European Union
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-06 · Reports · 11,119 words · PDF available
Since Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine starting in February 2022, the 27 member countries of the European Union (EU) have taken moves to extricate themselves from a long-standing natural gas de...
Supreme Court Considers Whether the United States Can Prosecute a Foreign-State-Owned Bank
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-06 · Posts · 2,739 words · PDF available
The Supreme Court may soon decide whether the United States can prosecute foreign countries and their agencies and instrumentalities in U.S. courts. The United States has accused Türkiye Halk Bankasi ...
Oil and Chemical Spills: Federal Emergency Response Framework
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-06 · Reports · 11,123 words · PDF available
Thousands of oil and chemical spills of varying size and magnitude occur in the United States each year. When a spill occurs, state and local officials located in proximity to the incident generally a...
Sovereign Debt Concerns in Developing Countries
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-06 · Resources · 1,498 words · PDF available
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and Russia’s war on Ukraine has had significant economic and financial consequence for low-income countries. The World Bank estimates that the pandemic...
Calculation and Use of the Disaster Relief Allowable Adjustment
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-06 · Resources · 1,249 words · PDF available
The Budget Control Act (P.L. 112-25, hereinafter the BCA) established mechanisms to limit federal spending, as well as ways to adjust those limits to accommodate certain priority spending. One of thes...
Dynamic Scoring in the Congressional Budget Process
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-06 · Reports · 9,673 words · PDF available
When Congress considers legislation, it takes into account the proposal’s potential budgetary effects. Although this information may come from numerous sources, Congress generally relies on estimates ...
Ejiao and the Donkey Hide Trade
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-03 · Reports · 4,138 words · PDF available
Ejiao (eh-gee-yow) is a popular traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) that is derived from gelatin found in donkey hides. Users of ejiao consider it a blood tonic and may take it to enrich blood, cure an...
Bureau of Land Management: FY2023 Appropriations
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-03 · Resources · 1,591 words · PDF available
The Bureau of Land Management (BLM), in the Department of the Interior (DOI), manages 244 million acres of federal land, nearly all in the West. Under its multiple-use mission, BLM manages lands for d...
Federal Statutory Bankruptcy Alternatives: A Roadmap
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-02 · Posts · 2,355 words · PDF available
In most cases, a bankrupt entity will either liquidate or reorganize under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code, and the U.S. bankruptcy courts will administer those proceedings. There are, however, certain entit...
SBA Disaster Loan Interest Rates: Overview and Policy Options
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-01 · Reports · 11,784 words · PDF available
The Small Business Administration (SBA) is authorized to provide low-interest, long-term disaster loans, either on a direct basis or in partnership with private lenders, to eligible individuals, busin...
Stafford Act Assistance and Acts of Terrorism
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-01 · Reports · 13,588 words · PDF available
The Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (the Stafford Act) authorizes the President to issue two types of declarations that could potentially provide federal assistance to ...
The SBA Pre-Disaster Mitigation Loan Pilot Program: Considerations for Congress and Policy Options
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-01 · Reports · 6,862 words · PDF available
For nearly a century, Congress has contemplated how to help businesses repair and rebuild after a disaster. Congress has also expressed interest in helping businesses use mitigation measures to protec...
Airline Deregulation Act of 1978: Preemption of State Consumer Protection Laws
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-01 · Posts · 1,968 words · PDF available
Recent widespread flight cancellations and delays have raised questions about the respective roles of the states and the federal government in protecting airline consumers. In August 2022, a group of ...
COVID-19 Relief Assistance to Small Businesses: Issues and Policy Options
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-01 · Reports · 22,724 words · PDF available
The U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) administers several types of programs to support small businesses, including direct disaster loan programs for businesses, homeowners, and renters; loan gu...
Selected Issues in Pharmaceutical Drug Pricing
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-01 · Resources · 1,655 words · PDF available
Many factors influence the prices consumers pay for prescription drugs. Congress has repeatedly attempted to address high drug prices through legislation, including bills that seek to increase generic...
SEC-Proposed Regulations to Reform Stock Trading
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-01 · Resources · 1,644 words · PDF available
The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), which regulates capital markets, announced four proposed rules on December 14, 2022, to reform the market structure for trading. The proposed regulation a...
The Federal Patient-Provider Dispute Resolution Process
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-01 · Resources · 1,809 words · PDF available
Introduction The No Surprises Act, part of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (P.L. 116-260), established various consumer protections, including the prohibition of balance billing consumers in...
FCC Regulation of Broadband Service and Action on Net Neutrality
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-28 · Infographics · 652 words · PDF available
/ FCC Regulation of Broadband Service and Action on Net Neutrality This infographic shows how the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has developed its net neutrality policy over the years, often ...
Funding for Wildfire Management: FY2023 Appropriations for Forest Service and Department of the Interior
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-28 · Resources · 1,320 words · PDF available
The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Forest Service (FS) and the Department of the Interior (DOI) are responsible for wildfire response and management across federal lands within their respective juri...
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) FY2023 Budget Request and Appropriations
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-27 · Resources · 1,178 words · PDF available
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is an agency of the Department of Commerce whose mission is to understand and predict changes in weather, climate, oceans, and coasts; to sha...
Preventing Improper Payments: Lessons from Using Data Matching in Pandemic Relief Program Oversight
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-27 · Resources · 1,635 words · PDF available
For the past several decades, data matching has enabled the use of government data to identify fraud, waste, abuse, and mismanagement in benefit programs. Data matching is the comparison of different ...
Federal Credit Assistance and Grant Programs for Rural Businesses: In Brief
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-27 · Reports · 5,151 words · PDF available
More than 377,000 businesses are located in rural areas across the United States, employing more than 4.6 million workers according to the U.S. Census Bureau’s 2020 Economic Survey. Many rural entrepr...
Constitutional Authority Statements: A Quick Guide
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-27 · Resources · 1,326 words · PDF available
House Rule XII, clause 7(c), requires that all bills or joint resolutions introduced in the House include a Constitutional Authority Statement (CAS). No statement is required for simple or concurrent ...
Ninth Circuit Rules That Federal Arbitration Act Preempts California’s Ban on Employer-Mandated Arbitration Agreements
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-27 · Posts · 1,877 words · PDF available
On February 15, 2023, a divided three-judge panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit issued its opinion in Chamber of Commerce of the United States v. Bonta. The court held that the Fe...
Employer Tax Credit for Paid Family and Medical Leave
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-27 · Resources · 1,821 words · PDF available
Employers providing paid family and medical leave to their employees may be able to claim a tax credit under Section 45S of the Internal Revenue Code (IRC). This In Focus (1) provides an overview of t...
Federal Lands and Related Resources: Overview and Selected Issues for the 118th Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-24 · Reports · 21,512 words · PDF available
The U.S. Constitution grants Congress the authority to acquire, dispose of, and manage federal property. The 118th Congress faces multiple policy issues related to federal lands and the natural, cultu...
East Palestine, OH, Train Derailment and Hazardous Materials Shipment by Rail: Frequently Asked Questions
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-24 · Reports · 3,557 words · PDF available
On February 3, 2023, a freight train carrying hazardous materials operated by Norfolk Southern Railway Corporation derailed in the town of East Palestine, OH. The derailment involved a fire and damage...
Prior Converted Cropland Under the Clean Water Act
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-24 · Resources · 1,870 words · PDF available
For decades, the value of wetlands and efforts to protect them have been recognized in different ways through national policies, federal laws, and regulations. The central federal regulatory program, ...
Trade-Related Agencies: FY2023 Appropriations, Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies (CJS)
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-23 · Reports · 6,708 words · PDF available
This report provides an overview of actions taken by the Administration and Congress to provide Fiscal Year (FY) 2023 appropriations for the International Trade Administration (ITA), the U.S. Internat...
Regulating Federal Law Enforcement: Considerations for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-23 · Posts · 2,922 words · PDF available
Incidents involving the use of force by law enforcement, such as the 2020 death of George Floyd and the 2023 death of Tyre Nichols, have raised questions regarding Congress’s authority to regulate law...
The U.S. Election Assistance Commission (EAC): Overview and Selected Issues for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-23 · Reports · 15,621 words · PDF available
The U.S. Election Assistance Commission (EAC) is an independent federal agency that is charged with helping voters participate in the electoral process and election officials improve the administratio...
Hate Crimes: Key Federal Statutes
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-23 · Resources · 1,788 words · PDF available
The Federal Bureau of Investigation characterizes hate crimes as offenses like murder, assault, or arson that are committed because of a particular bias such as prejudice based on the race or gender o...
The U.S. Election Assistance Commission (EAC): An Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-23 · Resources · 1,716 words · PDF available
The U.S. Election Assistance Commission (EAC) is an independent federal agency that is charged with helping voters participate in the electoral process and election officials improve the administratio...
Seasonal Fruit and Vegetable Competition in U.S.-Mexico Trade
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-22 · Resources · 1,430 words · PDF available
As part of the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) negotiation, the United States attempted to resolve ongoing trade imbalances with Mexico for seasonal and perishable fruits and vegetables ...
Caribbean Trade Preference Programs
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-22 · Reports · 6,370 words · PDF available
For decades, the Caribbean Basin has been the beneficiary of numerous U.S. trade preference programs that provide temporary, nonreciprocal, duty-free U.S. market access to select imports from eligible...
Russia’s War on Ukraine: Financial and Trade Sanctions
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-22 · Resources · 1,528 words · PDF available
In February 2022, Russia launched a new, expanded war on Ukraine. The United States and allies responded with wide-ranging sanctions on Russia that are unprecedented in terms of their comprehensivenes...
Payment for Order Flow: The SEC Proposes Reforms
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-22 · Resources · 1,629 words · PDF available
The past few years saw an unprecedented surge in retail investor securities trading at major discount broker-dealers such as Robinhood, Charles Schwab, TD Ameritrade, and E*Trade. Among the driving fa...
The Small Business Administration's COVID-19 Relief Programs
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-22 · Infographics · 537 words · PDF available
/ The Small Business Administration’s COVID-19 Relief Programs To help small businesses respond to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, Congress authorized several new relief programs to ...
Policing the Police: Qualified Immunity and Considerations for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-21 · Posts · 2,696 words · PDF available
Incidents involving the use of force by law enforcement, such as the 2020 death of George Floyd and the 2023 death of Tyre Nichols, have raised questions regarding how existing law regulates the condu...
Advanced Nuclear Reactors: Technology Overview and Current Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-17 · Reports · 24,928 words · PDF available
All nuclear power in the United States is generated by light water reactors (LWRs), which were commercialized in the 1950s and early 1960s and are now used throughout most of the world. LWRs are coole...
Retirement Income Security: Issues and Policies
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-17 · Resources · 1,585 words · PDF available
Older Americans are an economically diverse group with differing degrees of retirement preparedness. Median household income for individuals ages 65 and older (or aged individuals) was $51,906 in 2017...
Defense Health Primer: Selected Contraceptive Services
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-17 · Resources · 1,287 words · PDF available
The Fiscal Year 2016 National Defense Authorization Act (P.L. 114-92, §718) requires the Department of Defense (DOD) to make contraceptive services available to all female active duty servicemembers. ...
Strategic Petroleum Reserve Crude Oil Sales: Buyers and Exports
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-16 · Posts · 918 words · PDF available
In January 2023, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) concluded the largest emergency drawdown of crude oil from the Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR): approximately 180 million barrels directed by the...
Noncitizen Eligibility for Supplemental Security Income (SSI)
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-16 · Reports · 13,737 words · PDF available
Supplemental Security Income (SSI) is a federal means-tested program that provides monthly cash payments to seniors aged 65 or older, blind or disabled adults, and blind or disabled children. The prog...
Congress and Law Enforcement Reform: Constitutional Authority
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-15 · Posts · 2,024 words · PDF available
Incidents involving the use of force by law enforcement, such as the 2020 death of George Floyd and the 2023 death of Tyre Nichols, have generated heightened interest in the issue of reforming the pol...
The 1% Excise Tax on Stock Repurchases (Buybacks)
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-15 · Reports · 7,552 words · PDF available
The law commonly known as the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (P.L. 117-169) includes a 1% excise tax on stock repurchases by publicly traded corporations. Stock repurchases are a way to distribute in...
Cryptocurrency: Selected Policy Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-15 · Reports · 16,977 words · PDF available
Cryptocurrencies are digital financial instruments exchanged across public blockchains, and recorded on ledgers, that do not require central intermediaries (e.g., commercial banks, central banks) for ...