Policy Library

6,587 documents

Bureau of Reclamation: FY2023 Budget and Appropriations
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-15 · Resources · 1,015 words · PDF available
Overview The Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation), part of the Department of the Interior, is responsible for the construction and operation of hundreds of large dams and water diversion structures in ...
Federal Telehealth Flexibilities in Private Health Insurance During the COVID-19 Public Health Emergency: In Brief
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-14 · Reports · 4,489 words · PDF available
The COVID-19 Public Health Emergency (PHE) declared by the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) was most recently renewed on January 11, 2023 and the Biden Administration has...
Department of Veterans Affairs FY2023 Appropriations
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-14 · Reports · 22,140 words · PDF available
The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) administers numerous programs that provide benefits and services to eligible veterans and their families. These benefits include medical care; disability compen...
Heavy-Duty Vehicles, Air Pollution, and Climate Change
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-14 · Resources · 1,310 words · PDF available
In August 2021, the Biden Administration announced plans to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and other air pollutants from medium- and heavy-duty vehicles and engines through a series of rulemaki...
Offering an Amendment on the House Floor Under a Structured Rule: Current Practice
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-13 · Reports · 9,675 words · PDF available
Major legislation is usually considered in the House under a two-step process. First, the House agrees to a resolution reported by the Committee on Rules that sets the terms for considering that legis...
Debate, Motions, and Other Actions in the Committee of the Whole
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-13 · Reports · 10,390 words · PDF available
The House of Representatives resolves into the Committee of the Whole, a parliamentary device designed to allow greater participation by Members in debate, to consider major measures. Various rules an...
Design of United States Paper Currency
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-13 · Resources · 1,451 words · PDF available
Paper money has officially been part of United States currency since the Continental Congress authorized a $2 note in June 1776. These first notes were designed as “bills of credit” to pay for the def...
Title X Parental Consent for Contraceptive Services Litigation: Overview and Initial Observations (Part 1 of 2)
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-10 · Posts · 1,848 words · PDF available
Enacted in 1970, the Title X Family Planning Program (Title X) is a federal program that provides grants to public and nonprofit agencies to deliver family planning and related preventive health servi...
Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Incentives: A Summary of Federal Programs
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-10 · Reports · 28,568 words · PDF available
Energy is crucial to operating a modern industrial and services economy. Concerns about the availability and cost of energy and about environmental impacts of fossil energy use have led to a wide vari...
Title X Parental Consent for Contraceptive Services Litigation: Overview and Initial Observations (Part 2 of 2)
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-10 · Posts · 2,768 words · PDF available
This two-part Sidebar series provides an overview of Deanda v. Becerra, a legal challenge concerning parental consent for contraceptives and other family planning services funded by the Title X Family...
Opioid Block Grants
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-10 · Resources · 984 words · PDF available
Beginning in the late 1990s, the United States experienced a significant increase in opioid-related drug overdose deaths, which rose from 8,050 in 1999 to 68,630 in 2020. To address the rising rates o...
Forest Service: FY2023 Appropriations
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-10 · Resources · 1,226 words · PDF available
The Forest Service (FS) is responsible for managing 193 million acres of land in the National Forest System (NFS), conducting forestry research, and providing assistance to state, local, private, and ...
Budget Process Reforms Included in Debt Limit Legislation
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-09 · Reports · 8,265 words
The amount of money that Treasury may borrow is restricted by a statutory limit on the debt, which is currently set to reach its limit of $31.385 trillion sometime in 2023. In the past 40 years, 48 me...
The Department of Education’s Notice of Proposed Rulemaking on Improving Income-Driven Repayment for the Direct Loan Program: Frequently Asked Questions
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-09 · Reports · 10,134 words · PDF available
On January 11, 2023, the Department of Education (ED) published a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) to make a number of substantial amendments to the federal student loan income-driven repayment (I...
The Social Security Retirement Age: An Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-09 · Resources · 1,353 words · PDF available
Introduction Social Security is a work-based federal insurance program that provides monthly cash benefits to workers and their eligible family members in the event of a worker’s retirement, disabilit...
Loss and Damage Associated with the Effects of Climate Change: Recent Developments
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-09 · Resources · 1,624 words · PDF available
Repeated scientific assessments have concluded, with increased confidence over time, that greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with human activities have led to rising global temperatures and oth...
The IRS’s General Welfare Exclusion
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-09 · Resources · 1,863 words · PDF available
The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) has concluded that certain payments under legislatively provided social benefit programs that promote the general welfare are excludable from a recipient’s gross inc...
The Animal Welfare Act: Background and Selected Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-08 · Reports · 9,584 words · PDF available
In 1966, Congress passed legislation that later became known as the Animal Welfare Act (P.L. 89-544) with goals of preventing the theft and sale of pets to research laboratories and regulating the hum...
Rescission of the Migrant Protection Protocols: Litigation Developments
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-08 · Posts · 2,027 words · PDF available
Federal immigration laws set forth procedures applicable to aliens (as defined under federal law) seeking admission into the United States who have no legal basis to enter the country. Generally, unde...
The Pesticide Registration Improvement Act of 2022 (PRIA 5; Division HH, Title VI of P.L. 117-328): Authority to Collect Fees
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-08 · Resources · 1,601 words · PDF available
The Pesticide Registration Improvement Act of 2022 (PRIA 5; Division HH, Title VI of the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2023, P.L. 117-328) reauthorized the collection and use of two types of fees...
Congress and Police Reform: Current Law
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-07 · Posts · 2,256 words · PDF available
In May and June 2020, protests erupted nationwide after the publication of video footage of a Minneapolis police officer pressing his knee into the neck of George Floyd, causing his death. That incide...
Supreme Court Considers Preemption Under the National Labor Relations Act
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-07 · Posts · 1,739 words · PDF available
On January 10, 2023, the U.S. Supreme Court heard oral argument in Glacier Northwest v. International Brotherhood of Teamsters Local Union No. 174, a case involving the National Labor Relations Act (N...
Congress and Police Reform: Recent Proposals
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-07 · Posts · 2,348 words · PDF available
In May and June 2020, protests erupted nationwide after the publication of video footage of a Minneapolis police officer pressing his knee into the neck of George Floyd, causing his death. That incide...
The Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP): Overview and Issues for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-07 · Reports · 11,870 words · PDF available
Congress established the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) through the National Science and Technology Policy, Organization, and Priorities Act of 1976 (P.L. 94-282) to “serve as a source...
An Overview of the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC)
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-07 · Resources · 1,601 words · PDF available
The Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC) is a government corporation established by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA; P.L. 93-406). It was created to protect the pensi...
Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC): A Primer
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-07 · Reports · 10,249 words · PDF available
The Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC) is a government corporation established by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA; P.L. 93-406). It was created to protect the pensi...
The Black Lung Program, the Black Lung Disability Trust Fund, and the Excise Tax on Coal
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-07 · Reports · 8,368 words · PDF available
The federal government pays benefits to coal miners affected by coal workers’ pneumoconiosis (CWP, commonly referred to as black lung disease) and other lung diseases linked to coal mining in cases wh...
Insulin Coverage Under Private Health Insurance and Medicare Part D: In Brief
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-06 · Reports · 5,570 words · PDF available
Millions of individuals with diabetes in the United States require daily insulin injections to survive. Many of these individuals can face high list prices and rising cost-sharing requirements under t...
The National Trails System: A Brief Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-06 · Reports · 8,857 words · PDF available
The National Trails System was created in 1968 by the National Trails System Act (16 U.S.C. §§1241-1251). The system includes four types of trails: (1) national scenic trails (NSTs), which display sig...
Strong Dollar: Implications for U.S. Economy
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-06 · Resources · 1,625 words · PDF available
Over the past decade the U.S. dollar has generally increased in value relative to other currencies, reaching new heights since the beginning of the current economic expansion. This appreciation result...
Crypto and Banking: Policy Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-06 · Resources · 1,796 words · PDF available
Some banks have expressed interest in offering services related to cryptocurrencies and other digital assets. Yet extreme and persistent price volatility—along with several high-profile scandals, scam...
Recent Developments in Opioid Regulation Under the Controlled Substances Act
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-03 · Posts · 3,312 words · PDF available
In recent years, policymakers have devoted significant attention to opioid regulation, seeking in particular to combat the epidemic of opioid misuse and overdoses. Opioids are drugs derived from the o...
Third Circuit Dismisses Johnson & Johnson Bankruptcy and Novel Mass-Tort Approach
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-03 · Posts · 1,985 words · PDF available
Introduction On January 30, 2023, the Third Circuit denied the efforts of Johnson & Johnson Consumer, Inc. (Old Consumer), a subsidiary of Johnson & Johnson (J&J), to use the bankruptcy system as a fo...
Supermajority Votes in the House
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-03 · Reports · 781 words · PDF available
The principle of majority rule dominates the work of the House of Representatives. This means that most questions are decided by vote of a simple majority: one-half plus one of the Members voting, ass...
Accredited Investor Definition and Private Securities Markets
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-03 · Resources · 1,406 words · PDF available
Companies turn to capital markets to raise funding from investors, a process referred to as a securities offering. Public securities offerings are open to a wide range of investors and must meet compr...
Rules and Statutes Relevant to Safeguarding Classified Materials
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-03 · Resources · 1,352 words · PDF available
The discovery of classified documents at the homes, offices, or other facilities used by Presidents and former Presidents and Vice Presidents has spurred Department of Justice investigations. These di...
House Voting Procedures: Forms and Requirements
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-03 · Reports · 1,632 words · PDF available
In the House, there are four forms of votes: voice vote, division vote, yea and nay vote, and recorded vote. In the Committee of the Whole, where much of the chamber’s business is conducted, the forms...
Flooding and Federal Projects: Exposures and Limits to Liability
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-02 · Reports · 11,838 words · PDF available
Over the past century, the federal government has undertaken a number of civil works projects to prevent widespread flooding damage. Congress authorizes these flood control projects and generally dele...
The Protection of Classified Information: The Legal Framework
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-02 · Reports · 15,613 words
This report provides an overview of the relationship between executive and legislative authority over national security information. It summarizes the current laws that form the legal framework protec...
Commemorative Commissions: Overview, Structure, and Funding
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-02 · Reports · 6,328 words · PDF available
Congress statutorily establishes commemorative commissions to oversee and coordinate the federal government’s commemoration of a person or event. Typically, commemorative commissions coordinate celebr...
Mental Health Parity and Coverage in Private Health Insurance: Federal Requirements
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-01 · Reports · 7,485 words · PDF available
Given that most people in the United States have private health insurance, and given the prevalence of mental health and substance use disorders (MH/SUDs) in the United States, there is considerable c...
The Effect of Private Immigration Legislation and Recent Policy Changes
For many years, private immigration bills have served as the last step to prevent the removal of certain aliens (as defined in the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA)) who are subject to final order...
HUD Section 108 Loan Guarantee Program: An Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-01 · Resources · 1,539 words · PDF available
The Section 108 Loan Guarantee program (Section 108) is one of several Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) programs designed to support local community and economic development activitie...
Federalism-Based Limitations on Congressional Power: An Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2023-01-31 · Reports · 27,046 words · PDF available
The U.S. Constitution establishes a system of dual sovereignty between the states and the federal government. Although the Supremacy Clause of the Constitution designates federal law as supreme to sta...
Immigration Relief for Noncitizen Crime Victims
Congressional Research Service · 2023-01-31 · Reports · 8,489 words · PDF available
Noncitizens (referred to as aliens in immigration law), like citizens, may be victims of crime in the United States. Noncitizen crime victims can be temporary nonimmigrants (e.g., tourists, students, ...
Oil and Gas Technology and Geothermal Energy Development
Congressional Research Service · 2023-01-31 · Reports · 11,201 words · PDF available
The U.S. energy industry is undergoing a decades-long transition that includes increased production of shale oil and natural gas, decreased reliance on coal-fired power plants, increased investment an...
Electric Utility Disconnections
Congressional Research Service · 2023-01-31 · Reports · 9,585 words · PDF available
When an electricity customer does not pay their electricity bill in full and on time, a process begins which can culminate in disconnection. Disconnections are closely related to electricity affordabi...
Improving Crime Victimization Data for Noncitizen Populations
Congressional Research Service · 2023-01-31 · Resources · 1,684 words · PDF available
Accurate and comprehensive crime data are vital to understanding the scope of criminal victimizations in the United States, including those affecting noncitizens and immigrant communities. These data ...
The “Quad”: Cooperation Among the United States, Japan, India, and Australia
Congressional Research Service · 2023-01-30 · Resources · 1,654 words · PDF available
Overview The Biden Administration has boosted the profile of the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue, aka “the Quad,” as a centerpiece of its Indo-Pacific strategy aimed at strengthening the United States...
DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy FY2023 Appropriations
Congressional Research Service · 2023-01-27 · Resources · 1,274 words · PDF available
The U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) is responsible for enabling renewable energy and end-use energy efficiency technology development and im...