Policy Library

7,020 documents

The Twenty-Seventh Amendment and Congressional Compensation Part 3: Debates over the Constitution’s Ratification
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-14 · Posts · 628 words · PDF available
This Legal Sidebar post is the third in a six-part series that discusses the Twenty-Seventh Amendment to the Constitution, which prevents laws that modify Members of Congress’s compensation from takin...
The Twenty-Seventh Amendment and Congressional Compensation Part 4: Proposal and Ratification
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-14 · Posts · 812 words · PDF available
This Legal Sidebar post is the fourth in a six-part series that discusses the Twenty-Seventh Amendment to the Constitution, which prevents laws that modify Members of Congress’s compensation from taki...
The Twenty-Seventh Amendment and Congressional Compensation Part 5: Scope of the Amendment
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-14 · Posts · 674 words · PDF available
This Legal Sidebar post is the fifth in a six-part series that discusses the Twenty-Seventh Amendment to the Constitution, which prevents laws that modify Members of Congress’s compensation from takin...
The Twenty-Seventh Amendment and Congressional Compensation Part 6: Implications for the Article V Amendment Process
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-14 · Posts · 628 words · PDF available
This Legal Sidebar post is the last in a six-part series that discusses the Twenty-Seventh Amendment to the Constitution, which prevents laws that modify Members of Congress’s compensation from taking...
The Constitution and Race-Conscious Government Action: Narrow Tailoring Requirements
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-14 · Reports · 8,904 words · PDF available
Constitutional equal-protection principles require that state and federal government actors deny no one “the equal protection of the laws.” Equal-protection claims against government actors allege unc...
National Security Implications of Fifth Generation (5G) Mobile Technologies
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-14 · Resources · 1,496 words · PDF available
The fifth generation (5G) of mobile technologies will increase the speed of data transfer and improve bandwidth over existing fourth generation (4G) technologies, in turn enabling new military and com...
Legislative Branch: FY2023 Appropriations
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-13 · Reports · 12,444 words · PDF available
The legislative branch appropriations bill provides funding for the Senate; House of Representatives; Joint Items; Capitol Police; Office of Congressional Workplace Rights (formerly Office of Complian...
Banking, Data Privacy, and Cybersecurity Regulation
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-13 · Reports · 5,847 words · PDF available
Financial data contains significant amounts of sensitive information, and ensuring the privacy of such data among financial institutions is a goal of many policymakers. In particular, Congress has dem...
Afghanistan Central Bank Reserves
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-13 · Resources · 1,672 words · PDF available
Since the Taliban’s August 2021 return to power, Afghanistan has faced an extreme recession and a humanitarian crisis. A U.S. hold on assets of the Afghan central bank (Da Afghanistan Bank, or DAB) de...
Statutory Interpretation: Theories, Tools, and Trends
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-10 · Reports · 44,949 words
In the tripartite structure of the U.S. federal government, it is the job of courts to say what the law is, as Chief Justice John Marshall announced in 1803. When courts render decisions on the meanin...
Trafficking in Persons: Grants for Victim Services in the United States
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-10 · Reports · 5,657 words · PDF available
Trafficking in persons (TIP), also known as human trafficking, occurs across the United States and around the world. Traffickers exploit vulnerable individuals for commercial sex and forced labor in a...
Term Limits for Members of Congress: Policy and Legal Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-10 · Resources · 1,691 words · PDF available
Introduction Legislative proposals for congressional term limits date to 1789. Supporters generally argue that requiring frequent turnover among Members of Congress would make the House and Senate mor...
Fifth Circuit: CFPB’s Funding Authority is Unconstitutional
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-09 · Posts · 2,952 words · PDF available
In 2010, Congress established the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (the CFPB or Bureau) as an independent bureau within the Federal Reserve System. As with other financial regulators, Congress gav...
Drought in the United States: Science, Policy, and Selected Federal Authorities
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-09 · Reports · 24,634 words · PDF available
Droughta deficiency of moisture that results in adverse effectsoccurs to some extent almost every year in areas of the United States. Droughts can simultaneously reduce available water supplies and in...
Capital Markets: Overview and Selected Policy Issues in the 118th Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-09 · Reports · 24,193 words · PDF available
Capital markets are part of the financial system where entities raise funding from investors by dealing in stocks, bonds, digital asset securities, and other investments. As a main segment of the fina...
Bank Capital Requirements: A Primer and Policy Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-09 · Reports · 20,294 words · PDF available
Financial regulators at the state and federal levels take a number of measures to ensure the financial health of banks, generally through what is referred to as prudential (or safety and soundness) re...
Diesel and Fuel Oil: Distillate Supply Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-09 · Reports · 7,249 words · PDF available
Distillate fuel oil, a fuel category that includes diesel and heating oil, is a middle distillate produced by separating crude oil in a refinery. Distillate fuel oil is primarily used for two purposes...
Overview of FY2023 Appropriations for Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies (CJS)
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-09 · Reports · 9,034 words · PDF available
This report describes actions taken to provide FY2023 appropriations for Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies (CJS) accounts. The annual CJS appropriations act provides funding for the Dep...
Foreign Agents Registration Act (FARA): A Legal Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-09 · Resources · 1,449 words · PDF available
In 1938, Congress enacted the Foreign Agents Registration Act (FARA) to reduce the influence of foreign propaganda circulating in the United States. Anticipating that greater transparency could help a...
Termination of Temporary Protected Status for Certain Countries: Recent Litigation Developments
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-08 · Posts · 2,461 words · PDF available
Certain aliens (as defined in the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA)) who otherwise are subject to removal from the United States may stay and work here when the Department of Homeland Security (DH...
The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA): An Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-08 · Reports · 10,714 words · PDF available
The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) provides workers with minimum wage, overtime pay, and child labor protections. The FLSA covers most, but not all, private and public sector employees. In addition, ...
Multifamily Housing Finance and Selected Policy Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-08 · Reports · 12,932 words · PDF available
A mortgage is a loan secured by the underlying real estate collateral being financed by the loan. Single-family mortgages are loans secured by a residential dwelling having at least one and no more th...
Limiting Lead in Public Water Supplies: An Overview of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Regulatory Actions
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-08 · Resources · 1,777 words · PDF available
Exposure to lead can be harmful to human health, particularly children’s health, even at low levels. Lead’s adverse health effects have resulted in continued efforts to reduce exposure to lead includi...
Constitutional Authority Statements and the Powers of Congress: An Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-08 · Reports · 17,050 words · PDF available
On January 5, 2011, the House of Representatives adopted an amendment to House Rule XII to require that a Member state the constitutional basis for Congress’s power to enact the proposed legislation w...
Duplicate Congressional Gold Medals: Frequently Asked Questions
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-07 · Resources · 1,357 words · PDF available
Congressional Gold Medals (CGMs) are awarded by acts of Congress to express public gratitude for distinguished contributions, dramatize the virtues of patriotism, and perpetuate the remembrance of gre...
Copyright Law: An Introduction and Issues for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-07 · Resources · 1,631 words · PDF available
Copyright law grants the authors of original creative works a set of exclusive rights in their creations, including the right to prevent others from copying or selling the work without the copyright h...
U.S. Measures to Provide Liquefied Natural Gas for the European Union
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-06 · Reports · 11,119 words · PDF available
Since Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine starting in February 2022, the 27 member countries of the European Union (EU) have taken moves to extricate themselves from a long-standing natural gas de...
Supreme Court Considers Whether the United States Can Prosecute a Foreign-State-Owned Bank
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-06 · Posts · 2,739 words · PDF available
The Supreme Court may soon decide whether the United States can prosecute foreign countries and their agencies and instrumentalities in U.S. courts. The United States has accused Türkiye Halk Bankasi ...
Oil and Chemical Spills: Federal Emergency Response Framework
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-06 · Reports · 11,123 words · PDF available
Thousands of oil and chemical spills of varying size and magnitude occur in the United States each year. When a spill occurs, state and local officials located in proximity to the incident generally a...
Sovereign Debt Concerns in Developing Countries
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-06 · Resources · 1,498 words · PDF available
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and Russia’s war on Ukraine has had significant economic and financial consequence for low-income countries. The World Bank estimates that the pandemic...
Calculation and Use of the Disaster Relief Allowable Adjustment
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-06 · Resources · 1,249 words · PDF available
The Budget Control Act (P.L. 112-25, hereinafter the BCA) established mechanisms to limit federal spending, as well as ways to adjust those limits to accommodate certain priority spending. One of thes...
Dynamic Scoring in the Congressional Budget Process
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-06 · Reports · 9,673 words · PDF available
When Congress considers legislation, it takes into account the proposal’s potential budgetary effects. Although this information may come from numerous sources, Congress generally relies on estimates ...
Ejiao and the Donkey Hide Trade
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-03 · Reports · 4,138 words · PDF available
Ejiao (eh-gee-yow) is a popular traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) that is derived from gelatin found in donkey hides. Users of ejiao consider it a blood tonic and may take it to enrich blood, cure an...
Bureau of Land Management: FY2023 Appropriations
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-03 · Resources · 1,591 words · PDF available
The Bureau of Land Management (BLM), in the Department of the Interior (DOI), manages 244 million acres of federal land, nearly all in the West. Under its multiple-use mission, BLM manages lands for d...
Federal Statutory Bankruptcy Alternatives: A Roadmap
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-02 · Posts · 2,355 words · PDF available
In most cases, a bankrupt entity will either liquidate or reorganize under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code, and the U.S. bankruptcy courts will administer those proceedings. There are, however, certain entit...
SBA Disaster Loan Interest Rates: Overview and Policy Options
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-01 · Reports · 11,784 words · PDF available
The Small Business Administration (SBA) is authorized to provide low-interest, long-term disaster loans, either on a direct basis or in partnership with private lenders, to eligible individuals, busin...
Stafford Act Assistance and Acts of Terrorism
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-01 · Reports · 13,588 words · PDF available
The Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (the Stafford Act) authorizes the President to issue two types of declarations that could potentially provide federal assistance to ...
The SBA Pre-Disaster Mitigation Loan Pilot Program: Considerations for Congress and Policy Options
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-01 · Reports · 6,862 words · PDF available
For nearly a century, Congress has contemplated how to help businesses repair and rebuild after a disaster. Congress has also expressed interest in helping businesses use mitigation measures to protec...
Airline Deregulation Act of 1978: Preemption of State Consumer Protection Laws
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-01 · Posts · 1,968 words · PDF available
Recent widespread flight cancellations and delays have raised questions about the respective roles of the states and the federal government in protecting airline consumers. In August 2022, a group of ...
COVID-19 Relief Assistance to Small Businesses: Issues and Policy Options
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-01 · Reports · 22,724 words · PDF available
The U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) administers several types of programs to support small businesses, including direct disaster loan programs for businesses, homeowners, and renters; loan gu...
Selected Issues in Pharmaceutical Drug Pricing
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-01 · Resources · 1,655 words · PDF available
Many factors influence the prices consumers pay for prescription drugs. Congress has repeatedly attempted to address high drug prices through legislation, including bills that seek to increase generic...
SEC-Proposed Regulations to Reform Stock Trading
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-01 · Resources · 1,644 words · PDF available
The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), which regulates capital markets, announced four proposed rules on December 14, 2022, to reform the market structure for trading. The proposed regulation a...
The Federal Patient-Provider Dispute Resolution Process
Congressional Research Service · 2023-03-01 · Resources · 1,809 words · PDF available
Introduction The No Surprises Act, part of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (P.L. 116-260), established various consumer protections, including the prohibition of balance billing consumers in...
FCC Regulation of Broadband Service and Action on Net Neutrality
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-28 · Infographics · 652 words · PDF available
/ FCC Regulation of Broadband Service and Action on Net Neutrality This infographic shows how the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has developed its net neutrality policy over the years, often ...
Funding for Wildfire Management: FY2023 Appropriations for Forest Service and Department of the Interior
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-28 · Resources · 1,320 words · PDF available
The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Forest Service (FS) and the Department of the Interior (DOI) are responsible for wildfire response and management across federal lands within their respective juri...
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) FY2023 Budget Request and Appropriations
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-27 · Resources · 1,178 words · PDF available
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is an agency of the Department of Commerce whose mission is to understand and predict changes in weather, climate, oceans, and coasts; to sha...
Preventing Improper Payments: Lessons from Using Data Matching in Pandemic Relief Program Oversight
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-27 · Resources · 1,635 words · PDF available
For the past several decades, data matching has enabled the use of government data to identify fraud, waste, abuse, and mismanagement in benefit programs. Data matching is the comparison of different ...
Federal Credit Assistance and Grant Programs for Rural Businesses: In Brief
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-27 · Reports · 5,151 words · PDF available
More than 377,000 businesses are located in rural areas across the United States, employing more than 4.6 million workers according to the U.S. Census Bureau’s 2020 Economic Survey. Many rural entrepr...
Constitutional Authority Statements: A Quick Guide
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-27 · Resources · 1,326 words · PDF available
House Rule XII, clause 7(c), requires that all bills or joint resolutions introduced in the House include a Constitutional Authority Statement (CAS). No statement is required for simple or concurrent ...
Ninth Circuit Rules That Federal Arbitration Act Preempts California’s Ban on Employer-Mandated Arbitration Agreements
Congressional Research Service · 2023-02-27 · Posts · 1,877 words · PDF available
On February 15, 2023, a divided three-judge panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit issued its opinion in Chamber of Commerce of the United States v. Bonta. The court held that the Fe...