Policy Library

7,020 documents

FCC Spectrum Auction Authority: Background and Proposals for Extension
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-30 · Reports · 5,111 words
Radio spectrum (“spectrum”) is the continuum of frequencies allocated for radio transmissions and is a finite and valuable resource. It is necessary for companies seeking to provide wireless services,...
Bridging the Digital Divide: Broadband Workforce Considerations for the 118th Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-30 · Resources · 1,561 words · PDF available
As classrooms, workplaces, and social activities migrated online during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the digital divide—the gap between those who have access to broadband (i.e., h...
Back in Action, the U.S. Sentencing Commission to Resolve Circuit Splits on Controlled Substances and Sentencing Reductions
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-30 · Posts · 2,742 words · PDF available
In 1984, Congress revolutionized federal sentencing. That year, Congress established the U.S. Sentencing Commission (the Commission) as an independent agency within the judicial branch and directed it...
The OPEN Government Data Act: A Primer
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-29 · Resources · 1,509 words
The Open, Public, Electronic, and Necessary Government Data Act—also called the OPEN Government Data Act (Title II of the Foundations for Evidence-Based Policymaking Act of 2018 [FEBPA], P.L. 115-435)...
Poverty in the United States in 2021
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-27 · Reports · 10,857 words · PDF available
The federal government publishes poverty statistics using two measures: the official poverty measure and the Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM). These two measures tell different stories about who is ...
FCC’s National Broadband Map: Implications for the Broadband Equity, Access, and Deployment (BEAD) Program
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-27 · Resources · 1,656 words · PDF available
Access to high-speed internet (i.e., broadband) has been a focus of congressional interest for decades as a significant—and growing—number of daily activities are conducted online. Some areas of the U...
The Debt Limit Since 2011
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-23 · Reports · 18,476 words · PDF available
The Constitution grants Congress the power to borrow money on the credit of the United States—one part of Congress’ power of the purse—and thus mandates congressional control over federal debt. Contro...
The Debate over Venting and Flaring on Federal Lands
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-22 · Posts · 1,670 words · PDF available
On November 30, 2022, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) published a proposed rule intended to address the venting and flaring of natural gas by energy production operations on federal and tribal lan...
The Right to a Jury Trial in Civil Cases Part 1: Introduction and Historical Background
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-22 · Posts · 1,063 words · PDF available
This Legal Sidebar is the first in a five-part series that discusses a unique feature of the American legal system—the constitutional right to a jury trial in federal civil cases at law. During the Co...
The Right to a Jury Trial in Civil Cases Part 2: Identifying Civil Cases with a Right to a Jury Trial
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-22 · Posts · 1,259 words · PDF available
This Legal Sidebar is the second in a five-part series that discusses a unique feature of the American legal system—the constitutional right to a jury trial in federal civil cases at law. During the C...
The Right to a Jury Trial in Civil Cases Part 5: The Bar on Reexamining a Jury’s Findings of Fact
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-22 · Posts · 837 words · PDF available
This Legal Sidebar is the fifth in a five-part series that discusses a unique feature of the American legal system—the constitutional right to a jury trial in federal civil cases at law. During the Co...
Benefit Reductions to Participants in Delphi Pension Plans
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-22 · Resources · 1,703 words · PDF available
Introduction Delphi Technologies is a parts and components supplier to auto makers that was spun off from General Motors (GM) in 1999. In May 2009, Delphi’s pension plans were terminated and responsib...
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces: A Brief Introduction
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-22 · Resources · 1,661 words · PDF available
The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces (CAAF) provides the exclusive forum for those convicted at courts-martial under the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) to appeal the decisions of th...
The Right to a Jury Trial in Civil Cases Part 3: Legal and Equitable Claims and Combined Cases
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-22 · Posts · 1,529 words · PDF available
This Legal Sidebar is the third in a five-part series that discusses a unique feature of the American legal system—the constitutional right to a jury trial in federal civil cases at law. During the Co...
The Right to a Jury Trial in Civil Cases Part 4: The Roles of Judges and Juries in Civil Cases
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-22 · Posts · 1,194 words · PDF available
This Legal Sidebar is the fourth in a five-part series that discusses a unique feature of the American legal system—the constitutional right to a jury trial in federal civil cases at law. During the C...
Congressional Oversight Manual
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-22 · Reports · 65,713 words · PDF available
Congress’s lawmaking role does not end when it passes legislation. Oversight is fundamental to make sure that laws are working as intended and are being administered in an effective, efficient, and ec...
Higher Education Tax Benefits: Brief Overview and Budgetary Effects
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-21 · Reports · 6,253 words · PDF available
The federal government provides financial assistance to individuals for higher education expenses in two major ways: tax benefits and traditional student aid (loans, grants, and work-study assistance)...
Gulf of Mexico Energy Security Act (GOMESA): Background and Current Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-21 · Reports · 9,110 words · PDF available
Almost all offshore oil and natural gas production on the U.S. outer continental shelf (OCS) occurs in the Gulf of Mexico. Federal oil and gas leasing in the Gulf is governed primarily by two laws—the...
Ex-Crypto CEO Arrested on the Eve of Congressional Hearing
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-21 · Posts · 796 words · PDF available
Introduction Samuel Bankman-Fried, the former chief executive of FTX, a global cryptocurrency exchange, was arrested by Bahamian authorities under an extradition warrant on the eve of his scheduled te...
Behavioral Health Benefit Coverage and Wit v. United Behavioral Health
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-21 · Posts · 2,117 words · PDF available
The National Institute of Mental Health estimates that nearly 53 million American adults live with a mental illness, and about 24 million (46.2%) received treatment in 2020. The demand for behavioral ...
Justice Department’s Evolving Efforts on Ransomware
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-21 · Resources · 1,533 words · PDF available
Ransomware attacks, such as the one carried out by the cybercrime group DarkSide against Colonial Pipeline in May 2021 that disrupted pipeline operations, have highlighted federal law enforcement effo...
Deficits, Debt, and the Economy: An Introduction
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-20 · Reports · 6,566 words · PDF available
The federal government incurs a budget deficit when its total outgoing payments (outlays) exceed the total money it collects (revenues). If instead federal revenues are greater than outlays, then the ...
What Is Aggravated Identity Theft?
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-20 · Posts · 1,023 words · PDF available
On November 11, 2022, the Supreme Court agreed in Dubin v. United States to consider a question that has perplexed the lower federal courts: “whether a person commits aggravated identity theft any tim...
Introduction to Criminal Referrals by Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-20 · Posts · 1,556 words · PDF available
Earlier this week, the Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol (Select Committee) unanimously reported its final investigative report to the House of Repres...
Recurring Constitutional Issues in Federal Legislation
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-20 · Resources · 1,731 words · PDF available
The Constitution both empowers and limits Congress in its lawmaking function. Each piece of federal legislation potentially raises two questions: (1) has Congress acted within the bounds of its enumer...
Penny: History and Current Status
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-20 · Resources · 1,227 words · PDF available
The Secretary of the Treasury, through the U.S. Mint, is statutorily authorized to issue specific denominations of circulating coins (31 U.S.C. §5112). Currently, the United States has six circulating...
Unemployment Insurance and “Millionaires”: Recent Data and Policy Considerations
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-19 · Resources · 1,551 words · PDF available
Under the federal-state Unemployment Insurance (UI) system, unemployed workers—including high-income workers—who meet program requirements are eligible to receive UI benefits. States, which determine ...
The U.N. Climate Conference 2022 (COP27): Outcomes
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-19 · Resources · 1,714 words · PDF available
The 27th Conference of the Parties (COP27) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) met November 6-20, 2022, in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt. Over the course of two weeks, Parti...
Student Loan Cancellation Reaches the Supreme Court
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-16 · Posts · 2,874 words · PDF available
Nearly all litigants who successfully petition the Supreme Court to hear their claims do so after losing appeals in another court, such as in a state supreme court or a federal circuit court of appeal...
Content and Consideration of the Budget Resolution: In Brief
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-15 · Reports · 3,891 words · PDF available
The concurrent resolution on the budget was established in the Congressional Budget Act of 1974 (Budget Act) to provide Congress with a means for adopting a fiscal framework for the federal government...
Energy Transition: Affordability, Emissions, and Security
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-15 · Resources · 1,455 words · PDF available
Overview The United States is undergoing a transition in the energy sector, with a shift in energy supplies and production over relatively short periods of time. Over the last 20 years, natural gas ha...
Budget Process Reform: In Brief
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-15 · Reports · 2,707 words · PDF available
Many Members of Congress have expressed frustration with the budget process or with budgetary outcomes. No consensus has emerged, however, regarding specific problems to be addressed by possible refor...
eDNA/eRNA: Scientific Value in What’s Left Behind
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-15 · Resources · 1,462 words · PDF available
Environmental deoxyribonucleic acid (eDNA) and environmental ribonucleic acid (eRNA) are trace amounts of genetic material collected from an environmental sample, such as from soil, terrestrial and aq...
Recent Cryptocurrency Developments: Energy and Environmental Implications
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-15 · Resources · 1,582 words
Cryptocurrency mining (“cryptomining”) is the process of creating additional units of cryptocurrency—a type of digital asset—and validating cryptocurrency transactions on a blockchain ledger. Accordin...
USDA’s ReConnect Program: Expanding Rural Broadband
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-14 · Reports · 9,786 words · PDF available
In 2018, Congress provided the Secretary of Agriculture authority to establish a new broadband loan and grant pilot program (the ReConnect Program) to help close the digital divide and expand broadban...
How Measures Are Brought to the House Floor: A Brief Introduction
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-14 · Reports · 2,623 words · PDF available
This report presents a brief description of the five parliamentary methods that may be used to bring proposed legislation to the House floor for consideration. These methods allow for consideration as...
Reporting on Agency Budget Execution: Processes and Case Study Illustration
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-14 · Reports · 16,939 words
Budget execution refers to agency action to allocate, re-allocate, obligate, and expend budget authority after it is provided in appropriations acts. Numerous provisions in law require agencies to rep...
Ensuring Electricity Infrastructure Resilience Against Deliberate Electromagnetic Threats
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-14 · Reports · 13,350 words · PDF available
Detonation of a nuclear weapon in the Earth’s upper atmosphere or near-Earth space may generate a series of electromagnetic pulses—known as high-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP)—that damage criti...
FEMA’s Community Disaster Loan Program: History, Data, and Issues for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-14 · Reports · 10,221 words · PDF available
Following a disaster, as businesses may close, properties may be abandoned, and tourism may decline, and local governments may lose revenue needed to support key activities such as trash collection, p...
Membership of the 117th Congress: A Profile
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-14 · Reports · 5,536 words · PDF available
This report presents a profile of the membership of the 117th Congress (2021-2022) as of December 13, 2022, or at the beginning of the 117th Congress (January 3, 2021), where noted. Statistical inform...
The Legislative Process on the House Floor: An Introduction
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-14 · Reports · 7,690 words · PDF available
The daily order of business on the floor of the House of Representatives is governed by standing rules that make certain matters and actions privileged for consideration. On a day-to-day basis, howeve...
Voting Rights Act: Brief Policy Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-14 · Resources · 1,613 words · PDF available
The Voting Rights Act (VRA) protects equal access to elections for all eligible Americans. In particular, in response to widespread disenfranchisement between the post-Civil War period and the 1960s, ...
Ownership of the U.S. Rental Housing Stock by Investor Type: In Brief
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-13 · Reports · 2,080 words · PDF available
SUPRESS On November 29, 2022, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and the U.S. Census Bureau (Census) released data from the 2021 Rental Housing Finance Survey (RHFS), a trien...
Social Security: Potential Impacts of Changes in Computation Years
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-12 · Reports · 11,323 words · PDF available
Social Security is a social insurance program that protects insured workers and their family members against loss of income due to old age (i.e., retirement), disability, or death. The amount of month...
Violent Crime Trends, 1990-2021
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-12 · Resources · 1,595 words · PDF available
Since the 1930s, the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s (FBI’s) Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) program has collected data on reported crimes from federal, state, local, and tribal law enforcement agenci...
Christian Holidays: Fact Sheet
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-12 · Reports · 1,272 words · PDF available
Christianity is one of the three major Abrahamic faiths, alongside Islam and Judaism. The Pew Research Center estimates that 63% of Americans self-identify as Christian. There are a large number of Ch...
The Biden Administration’s Immigration Enforcement Priorities: Background and Legal Considerations
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-09 · Posts · 3,364 words · PDF available
Almost immediately after taking office, President Biden issued a series of directives on immigration matters. Some of these directives focused on altering the immigration enforcement priorities of the...
Federal Agency Rule Expands Asylum Officers’ Authority
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-09 · Resources · 1,902 words · PDF available
Under a Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and Department of Justice (DOJ) interim final rule (IFR) issued in March 2022, asylum officers (AOs) within DHS’s U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Service...
Great Lakes Restoration Initiative (GLRI)
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-09 · Resources · 1,240 words · PDF available
The Great Lakes ecosystem, the largest system of fresh surface water in the world, is an international resource altered by human activities and climate variability. Some alterations have degraded wate...
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Budget: Fact Sheet
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-09 · Reports · 5,333 words · PDF available
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates the safety of foods (including dietary supplements), cosmetics, and radiation-emitting products; the safety and effectiveness of drugs, biologics (e.g....