Policy Library

6,587 documents

The Social Security Retirement Age
Congressional Research Service · 2022-07-06 · Reports · 14,233 words · PDF available
The Social Security full retirement age (FRA) is the age at which workers can first claim full (i.e., unreduced) Social Security retired-worker benefits. Among other factors, a worker’s monthly benefi...
Education Provisions in the Bipartisan Safer Communities Act
Congressional Research Service · 2022-07-06 · Resources · 1,604 words · PDF available
On June 25, 2022, the Bipartisan Safer Communities Act (BSCA; P.L. 117-159) was signed into law. In addition to provisions addressing mental health services, firearms, and Medicare, the act requires t...
Youth Employment and Training Programs Authorized by the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act
Congressional Research Service · 2022-07-06 · Resources · 1,470 words · PDF available
The Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA, P.L. 113-128) is the primary federal statute centrally focused on workforce development. It authorizes a group of programs to assist workers and emp...
SBA’s Office of Inspector General: Overview, Impact, and Relationship with Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2022-07-05 · Reports · 12,998 words · PDF available
Congress created offices of inspector general (OIGs) to assist in its oversight of the executive branch. OIGs provide independent, nonpartisan analysis, conducted in accordance with generally accepted...
SBA Shuttered Venue Operators Grant Program (SVOG)
Congressional Research Service · 2022-07-05 · Reports · 7,584 words · PDF available
The Small Business Administration (SBA) administers several types of programs to support small businesses, including direct disaster loan programs to assist their recovery from natural disasters; loan...
Federal Mandatory Minimum Sentences: The Safety Valve and Substantial Assistance Exceptions
Congressional Research Service · 2022-07-05 · Reports · 9,985 words · PDF available
Federal law requires a sentencing judge to impose a minimum sentence of imprisonment following conviction for any of a number of federal offenses. Congress has created three exceptions. Two are availa...
Community Development Financial Institutions (CDFI) Fund: Overview and Programs
Congressional Research Service · 2022-07-01 · Reports · 8,222 words · PDF available
As communities face a variety of economic challenges, some may look to local banks and financial institutions for solutions that address the specific development needs of low-income and distressed com...
Siegel v. Fitzgerald: Supreme Court Makes Rare Comment on the Bankruptcy Clause’s Uniformity Requirement
Congressional Research Service · 2022-07-01 · Posts · 1,917 words · PDF available
On June 6, 2022, the Supreme Court decided Siegel v. Fitzgerald, holding that the Bankruptcy Judgeship Act of 2017 (the “2017 Act”) violated the uniformity requirement of the U.S. Constitution’s Bankr...
Cryptocurrency in 401(k) Retirement Plans
Congressional Research Service · 2022-07-01 · Resources · 1,515 words · PDF available
Digital assets, which include cryptocurrencies, crypto-assets, or digital tokens, among others, are digital representations of value and are issued and transferred using distributed ledger or blockcha...
SCOTUS Bolsters State Criminal Jurisdiction on Tribal Lands
Congressional Research Service · 2022-07-01 · Posts · 1,249 words · PDF available
Rejecting the view that states lack criminal jurisdiction on tribal reservations unless Congress specifically grants such jurisdiction, on June 29, 2022, the Supreme Court announced in Oklahoma v. Cas...
Small Business Administration 7(a) Loan Guaranty Program
Congressional Research Service · 2022-06-30 · Reports · 19,709 words
The Small Business Administration (SBA) administers several programs to support small businesses, including loan guaranty programs designed to encourage lenders to provide loans to small businesses “t...
Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies (THUD) Appropriations for FY2022
Congressional Research Service · 2022-06-30 · Reports · 11,030 words · PDF available
The respective House and Senate Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies (THUD) Appropriations subcommittees are charged with providing annual appropriations for the Departm...
Financial Services and General Government (FSGG) FY2022 Appropriations: Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2022-06-30 · Reports · 5,409 words · PDF available
The Financial Services and General Government (FSGG) appropriations bill includes funding for the Department of the Treasury, the Executive Office of the President, the judiciary, the District of Colu...
Supreme Court’s Decision in Boechler, P.C. v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue May Save Some Late-Filed Tax Petitions
Congressional Research Service · 2022-06-30 · Posts · 2,136 words · PDF available
On April 21, 2022, the Supreme Court issued a unanimous decision in Boechler, P.C. v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, providing insight on when a tax statute’s filing deadline becomes a jurisdiction...
Kennedy v. Bremerton School District: School Prayer and the Establishment Clause
Congressional Research Service · 2022-06-30 · Posts · 3,473 words · PDF available
On June 27, 2022, the Supreme Court released a 6-3 decision in Kennedy v. Bremerton School District that significantly altered Establishment Clause jurisprudence. In ruling in favor of a high school f...
Supreme Court To Address Foreign Account Reporting Penalties
Congressional Research Service · 2022-06-29 · Posts · 1,642 words · PDF available
Federal law requires U.S. persons with a financial interest in or signature or other authority over foreign financial accounts totaling more than $10,000 to report these accounts by filing a Report of...
Mortgage Servicing Assets and Selected Market Developments
Congressional Research Service · 2022-06-29 · Resources · 1,810 words · PDF available
A mortgage servicer receives a fee to perform various administrative tasks that include collecting and remitting the principal and interest payments made by a borrower to the owner (e.g., lender, inve...
Civil Rights Remedies in Cummings and Implications for Title VI and Title IX
Congressional Research Service · 2022-06-29 · Posts · 2,329 words · PDF available
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act and Section 1557 of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) prohibit various types of discrimination in federally funded programs and other covered entities. The Supreme Co...
Freedom of Information Act Fees for Government Information
Congressional Research Service · 2022-06-29 · Resources · 1,609 words · PDF available
The Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) establishes a presumption that information in the possession of executive branch agencies and departments of the U.S. federal government is accessible to the publ...
Department of Veterans Affairs FY2022 Appropriations
Congressional Research Service · 2022-06-28 · Reports · 21,868 words · PDF available
The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) administers numerous programs that provide benefits and services to eligible veterans and their families. These benefits include medical care; disability compen...
Supreme Court Rules No Constitutional Right to Abortion in Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization
On June 24, 2022, the U.S. Supreme Court issued its opinion in Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization, a case challenging the constitutionality of Mississippi’s Gestational Age Act, which genera...
Voting Rights Act: Section 3(c) “Bail-In” Provision
Congressional Research Service · 2022-06-27 · Posts · 2,816 words · PDF available
Congress has recently considered legislation that would amend the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (VRA). For example, during the 117th Congress, the House passed H.R. 4, the John R. Lewis Voting Rights Adva...
Federal Procurement Restrictions on Organizational Conflicts of Interest
Congressional Research Service · 2022-06-27 · Posts · 2,665 words · PDF available
Recent congressional reports and news articles have raised concerns about potential conflicts of interest when a company that provides consulting or advisory services to a federal regulatory agency th...
Delaware River Basin Restoration
Congressional Research Service · 2022-06-27 · Resources · 1,481 words · PDF available
Background The Delaware River Basin drains the lands surrounding the Delaware River and its tributaries, which stretch from the Catskill Mountains in New York to the Delaware Estuary (see Figure 1). T...
Army Corps of Engineers: FY2022 Appropriations
Congressional Research Service · 2022-06-24 · Resources · 1,388 words · PDF available
Congress generally funds the civil works activities of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) in annual Energy and Water Development appropriations acts. These activities include the planning and co...
2022 Summit of the Americas
Congressional Research Service · 2022-06-24 · Posts · 1,038 words · PDF available
The United States hosted the Ninth Summit of the Americas in Los Angeles on June 6-10, 2022. The Summits of the Americas, held roughly every three years since 1994, serve as opportunities for the West...
How Did COVID-19 Unemployment Insurance Benefits Impact Consumer Spending and Employment?
Congressional Research Service · 2022-06-24 · Resources · 1,653 words · PDF available
The COVID-19 pandemic dramatically disrupted the economy with mass layoffs and business closures. The economy was shocked with stay-at-home and shutdown orders designed to limit person-to-person conta...
Congress’s Foreign Commerce Clause Power Questioned
Congressional Research Service · 2022-06-23 · Posts · 1,039 words · PDF available
On May 5, 2022, a divided panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit (the panel) held that the federal sex tourism statute, 18 U.S.C. § 2423(c), outlawing overseas child molestation, ex...
Federal Civil Aviation Programs: In Brief
Congressional Research Service · 2022-06-23 · Reports · 5,945 words · PDF available
This report discusses Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) programs that are funded primarily through a special trust fund, the Airport and Airway Trust Fund (AATF), and organized under four broad bu...
The Modernizing Veterans’ Health Care Eligibility Act (H.R. 1216), and other Pending Legislation
Congressional Research Service · 2022-06-22 · Testimony · 12,068 words · PDF available
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Social Security: Are Benefits Paid to Incarcerated Individuals?
Congressional Research Service · 2022-06-22 · Resources · 1,442 words · PDF available
Background Social Security is a work-related federal benefit program that is funded primarily by dedicated payroll taxes paid by covered workers and their employers. The program pays monthly cash bene...
Farm Bill Primer: MAL and LDP Farm Support Programs
Congressional Research Service · 2022-06-22 · Resources · 1,314 words · PDF available
The Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018 (2018 farm bill; P.L. 115-334) reauthorized the Marketing Assistance Loan (MAL) and Loan Deficiency Payment (LDP) programs for crop years 2019-2023. The MAL pro...
Permanent Immigration Options for Afghans with Immigration Parole
Congressional Research Service · 2022-06-21 · Reports · 7,632 words · PDF available
Since late July 2021, tens of thousands of Afghan nationals whose evacuation from Afghanistan was facilitated by the U.S. government have been relocated to the United States. Some of these Afghan evac...
Career and Technical Education: A Primer
Congressional Research Service · 2022-06-21 · Reports · 10,616 words · PDF available
Career and technical education (CTE), sometimes referred to as vocational education, provides occupational and non-occupational preparation at the secondary and postsecondary levels. CTE is a key elem...
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) FY2022 Budget Request and Appropriations
Congressional Research Service · 2022-06-17 · Resources · 1,333 words · PDF available
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA’s) mission is to understand and predict changes in weather, climate, oceans, and coasts; to share that information with others; and to conse...
Small Business Administration 504/CDC Loan Guaranty Program
Congressional Research Service · 2022-06-16 · Reports · 16,451 words
The Small Business Administration (SBA) administers several programs to support small businesses, including loan guaranty programs designed to encourage lenders to provide loans to small businesses “t...
Double Jeopardy, Dual Sovereignty, and Enforcement of Tribal Laws
Congressional Research Service · 2022-06-16 · Posts · 1,203 words · PDF available
On June 13, 2022, the U.S. Supreme Court in a 6-3 decision upheld the federal prosecution of a man who had already been convicted of, and punished for, a lesser-included offense by a Court of Indian O...
Abu Zubaydah and the State Secrets Doctrine
Congressional Research Service · 2022-06-16 · Posts · 1,619 words · PDF available
Zayn Al-Abidin Muhammad Husayn (also known as Abu Zubaydah) is a detainee at the U.S. Naval Station at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. He was also the first suspected Al Qaeda detainee rendered into Central Int...
Small Business Size Standards: A Historical Analysis of Contemporary Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2022-06-15 · Reports · 23,535 words · PDF available
Small business size standards are of congressional interest because they have a pivotal role in determining eligibility for Small Business Administration (SBA) assistance as well as federal contractin...
Federal Milk Marketing Orders: An Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2022-06-15 · Reports · 12,287 words · PDF available
Federal Milk Marketing Orders (FMMOs) are geographically defined fluid-milk demand areas. Under FMMO law and regulations, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) establishes a minimum milk price, an...
The Federal Role in Orphan Oil and Gas Well Reclamation
Congressional Research Service · 2022-06-15 · Resources · 2,004 words · PDF available
Production of oil and gas in the United States began in the late 19th century and continues to contribute to meeting U.S. fuel and petrochemical demands. Over time, federal and state requirements were...
Short- and Long-Term Solutions to Extreme Drought in the Western United States
Congressional Research Service · 2022-06-14 · Testimony · 7,329 words · PDF available
Water resources; drought; drought policy; Bureau of Reclamation; National Integrated Drought Information System; water storage: water reuse and recycling; desalination; wildlife and ecosystems.
The Political Question Doctrine: The Doctrine in the Modern Era (Part 3)
Congressional Research Service · 2022-06-14 · Posts · 947 words · PDF available
This Legal Sidebar is the third in a six-part series that discusses the Supreme Court’s political question doctrine, which instructs that federal courts should forbear from resolving questions when do...
The Political Question Doctrine: Historical Background (Part 2)
Congressional Research Service · 2022-06-14 · Posts · 1,113 words · PDF available
This Legal Sidebar is the second in a six-part series that discusses the Supreme Court’s political question doctrine, which instructs that federal courts should forbear from resolving questions when d...
Social Security: Selected Findings of the 2022 Annual Report
Congressional Research Service · 2022-06-14 · Resources · 1,731 words · PDF available
According to the recent report of the Board of Trustees of the Social Security Trust Funds, the program’s finances are in a similar, albeit marginally better, position in 2022 relative to what they we...
The Political Question Doctrine: Foreign Affairs as a Political Question (Part 4)
Congressional Research Service · 2022-06-14 · Posts · 1,462 words · PDF available
This Legal Sidebar is the fourth in a six-part series that discusses the Supreme Court’s political question doctrine, which instructs that federal courts should forbear from resolving questions when d...
The Political Question Doctrine: Congressional Governance and Impeachment as Political Questions (Part 5)
Congressional Research Service · 2022-06-14 · Posts · 1,187 words · PDF available
This Legal Sidebar is the fifth in a six-part series that discusses the Supreme Court’s political question doctrine, which instructs that federal courts should forbear from resolving questions when do...
The Political Question Doctrine: Political Process, Elections, and Gerrymandering (Part 6)
Congressional Research Service · 2022-06-14 · Posts · 1,252 words · PDF available
This Legal Sidebar is the sixth in a six-part series that discusses the Supreme Court’s political question doctrine, which instructs that federal courts should forbear from resolving questions when do...
Guides and Outfitters on Federal Lands: Issues for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2022-06-14 · Reports · 7,233 words · PDF available
Guides and outfitters play a significant role in facilitating recreational use of the country’s public lands, including those owned by the federal government. These service providers also can be of pa...
The Political Question Doctrine: An Introduction (Part 1)
Congressional Research Service · 2022-06-14 · Posts · 684 words · PDF available
This Legal Sidebar is the first in a six-part series that discusses the Supreme Court’s political question doctrine, which instructs that federal courts should forbear from resolving questions when do...