Policy Library

7,020 documents

Expedited Naturalization through Military Service
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-08 · Infographics · 635 words · PDF available
/ Expedited Naturalization through Military Service Naturalization is the process of becoming a U.S. citizen. Typically, under immigration law, an individual may apply to naturalize after five years ...
Mauna Loa Eruption
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-08 · Posts · 1,346 words · PDF available
Mauna Loa, a volcano on the island of Hawaii, began erupting on November 27, 2022, with an outbreak of lava at the Mokoaweoweo summit caldera at an elevation of 13,681 feet within the Hawaii Volcanoes...
Debt and Deficits: Spending, Revenue, and Economic Growth
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-08 · Resources · 1,519 words · PDF available
The Constitution provides Congress with the authority to manage the federal budget through its “power of the purse.” This In Focus summarizes federal budget and borrowing trends and discusses related ...
Constitutional Limits to Congress’s Statutory Damages Authority: Takeaways from the Ninth Circuit in Wakefield v. ViSalus
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-08 · Posts · 1,245 words · PDF available
A central question any time Congress exercises its legislative power is what consequences may follow from violating the law. For laws that create private rights of action—in other words, a law that pe...
Suspension of the Rules: House Practice in the 116th Congress (2019-2020)
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-07 · Reports · 6,075 words · PDF available
Suspension of the rules is the most commonly used procedure to call up measures on the floor of the House of Representatives. As the name suggests, the procedure allows the House to suspend its standi...
China and the World: Issues for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-07 · Resources · 1,725 words · PDF available
The Biden Administration has described the United States as engaged in “a strategic competition to shape the future of the international order,” with the United States’ main competitor being the Peopl...
Ammonia’s Potential Role in a Low-Carbon Economy
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-07 · Resources · 1,227 words · PDF available
Ammonia, composed of nitrogen and hydrogen (NH3), is the second-most produced chemical in the world by mass, according to a 2022 publication from the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). Mos...
Venezuela: Background and U.S. Relations
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-06 · Reports · 17,085 words · PDF available
Venezuela remains in a deep economic and humanitarian crisis under the authoritarian rule of Nicolás Maduro, who has consolidated power since his reelection in a 2018 presidential vote widely deemed f...
Poverty Among the Population Aged 65 and Older
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-06 · Reports · 11,129 words · PDF available
Among the aged population (persons aged 65 and older) in the United States, the poverty rate (the percentage of individuals living in poverty, or economic hardship characterized by low income) has dec...
Recent Developments in Marijuana Law
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-06 · Posts · 3,023 words · PDF available
Marijuana and other products derived from the cannabis plant are regulated under both federal and state law. In recent years, a significant divide has developed between federal and state regulation. U...
Computer Matching and Privacy Protection Act: Data Integration and Individual Rights
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-06 · Reports · 21,615 words · PDF available
Computers and information technologies have increased the amount of data that can be collected, stored, and processed. Computers make it easier to exchange, share, and match data on individuals across...
Bureau of Land Management Wilderness Study Areas: In Brief
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-05 · Reports · 6,083 words · PDF available
Congress enacted the Wilderness Act (P.L. 88-577, 16 U.S.C. §§1131 et seq.) in 1964, creating the National Wilderness Preservation System and reserving to Congress the authority to designate wildernes...
Student Learning During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-05 · Resources · 1,787 words · PDF available
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, elementary and secondary schools across the nation closed their doors and pivoted to alternative methods of providing instruction and other services, such as scho...
Administration of the House of Representatives: Actions Taken During a New Congress and Following a Majority Change
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-05 · Resources · 1,609 words · PDF available
As seen in Table 1, majority party control in the House of Representatives has switched 11 times since 1910, most recently in 2019 (beginning of the 116th Congress). The results of the November 2022 e...
If You Do the Space Crime, You May Do the Space Time
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-02 · Posts · 1,963 words · PDF available
In recent years, a number of high-profile commercial space flights—some of which included celebrity passengers—garnered widespread media attention. Moving forward, one company aims to provide hundreds...
Supreme Court Ponders Bankruptcy Code’s Good-Faith Purchaser Exception
Congressional Research Service · 2022-12-02 · Posts · 1,956 words · PDF available
In MOAC Mall Holdings LLC v. Transform Holdco LLC (MOAC), the Supreme Court will determine whether Section 363(m) of the Bankruptcy Code limits appellate courts’ jurisdiction to reverse a sale to an e...
Equity in Innovation: Trends in U.S. Patenting and Inventor Diversity
Congressional Research Service · 2022-11-30 · Resources · 1,425 words · PDF available
Scholars, policymakers, and administrators have expressed interest in who participates in America’s innovation ecosystem—the constellation of people, institutions, and enterprises engaged in research ...
The Opioid Crisis in the United States: A Brief History
Congressional Research Service · 2022-11-30 · Resources · 1,485 words · PDF available
Opioids act on receptors in the brain that are important in regulating pain and emotion. For centuries, opioids have been used as medicines to manage or treat pain. Natural opioids (sometimes referred...
Unauthorized Immigrants’ Eligibility for Federal and State Benefits: Overview and Resources
Congressional Research Service · 2022-11-29 · Reports · 4,236 words · PDF available
This report provides an overview of unauthorized immigrants’ (sometimes referred to as undocumented immigrants or illegal aliens) eligibility for federal and state public benefits. Title IV of the Per...
Covert Action and Clandestine Activities of the Intelligence Community: Selected Definitions
Congressional Research Service · 2022-11-29 · Reports · 7,221 words · PDF available
Congress has defined in statute several definitions of covert action and clandestine activities carried out by the Intelligence Community (IC); other definitions appear only in committee reports and s...
Ukrainian Eligibility for Selected Benefits Based on Immigration Status: In Brief
Congressional Research Service · 2022-11-29 · Reports · 2,563 words · PDF available
This short report outlines eligibility for selected benefits based on certain immigration statuses that are available or could possibly become available for Ukrainians, including refugee, asylee, paro...
Federal Hiring of Persons with Disabilities
Congressional Research Service · 2022-11-28 · Reports · 9,409 words · PDF available
Congress and various presidential Administrations have recognized a need to increase and improve federal agencies’ efforts to recruit, hire, and retain persons with disabilities. Impacting the ability...
Natural Gas Markets Going Global: Changes in Consumption
Congressional Research Service · 2022-11-23 · Reports · 13,803 words · PDF available
The future of natural gas as a fuel for the global economy depends on many factors, including supply, consumption, prices, transportation, and policies. In 2020, natural gas made up approximately 25% ...
Small Water Systems: Selected Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) Provisions
Congressional Research Service · 2022-11-22 · Reports · 9,219 words · PDF available
The nation’s public water systems face a range of challenges, including disruptions of safe and reliable water supplies due to cyberattacks or natural hazards, detections of unregulated contaminants i...
Survey of State Marriage Laws Related to Same-Sex Marriage
Congressional Research Service · 2022-11-22 · Posts · 947 words · PDF available
In 2015, the Supreme Court held in Obergefell v. Hodges that same-sex couples may exercise the fundamental right to marry in all states and that states must accordingly recognize marriages validly per...
Agricultural Research: Background and Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2022-11-22 · Reports · 7,152 words · PDF available
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Research, Education, and Economics (REE) mission area funds billions of dollars annually for biological, physical, and social science research that is related...
Expiration of the Discretionary Spending Limits: Frequently Asked Questions
Congressional Research Service · 2022-11-18 · Reports · 4,319 words · PDF available
In 2011, during a period in which many Members of Congress expressed concern over rising budget deficits, the Budget Control Act of 2011 (BCA, P.L. 112-25) established legal limits on the amount of di...
Introduction to Electricity Transmission
Congressional Research Service · 2022-11-18 · Resources · 1,440 words · PDF available
The U.S. electricity transmission system connects the electricity generation system—where electricity is made—and the electricity distribution system—where electricity is used. Figure 1. Electric Powe...
Social Security: Benefit Calculation
Congressional Research Service · 2022-11-17 · Reports · 11,627 words · PDF available
Old-Age and Survivors Insurance (OASI) and Disability Insurance (DI), commonly referred to on a combined basis as OASDI, are social insurance programs that protect insured workers and their family mem...
Litigating the January 6 Committee’s Subpoena to Former President Trump
Congressional Research Service · 2022-11-17 · Posts · 2,334 words · PDF available
On October 21, 2022, the Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol (Select Committee) issued a subpoena to former President Donald J. Trump as part of its con...
Bipartisan Safer Communities Act (P.L. 117159): Section-by-Section Summary
Congressional Research Service · 2022-11-17 · Reports · 16,127 words · PDF available
On June 25, 2022, the Bipartisan Safer Communities Act (BSCA, P.L. 117-159) was signed into law. The BSCA was enacted in the aftermath of mass shootings in Uvalde, TX, and Buffalo, NY. The law include...
Money Market Mutual Funds: Policy Concerns and Reform Options
Congressional Research Service · 2022-11-17 · Reports · 10,489 words · PDF available
A money market mutual fund (MMF) is a mutual fund that, under Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Rule 2a-7, can invest only in high-quality short-term securities. MMFs are considered safe invest...
Implications of the HHS Notice of Proposed Rulemaking on Section 1557 and Medicare Part B
Congressional Research Service · 2022-11-17 · Posts · 2,394 words · PDF available
On July 25, 2022, the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) announced a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NRPM) under Section 1557 of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA). Section...
Legal and Procedural Factors Related to Seating a Cherokee Nation Delegate in the U.S. House of Representatives
Congressional Research Service · 2022-11-16 · Testimony · 12,671 words · PDF available
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The Federal Assets Sale and Transfer Act: Background and Implementation
Congressional Research Service · 2022-11-16 · Reports · 9,356 words · PDF available
In 2016, Congress took action to address long-standing obstacles to the timely disposal of unneeded federal buildings, land, and structures. The Federal Assets Sale and Transfer Act of 2016 (FASTA; P....
Congressional Redistricting: Key Legal and Policy Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2022-11-16 · Resources · 1,820 words · PDF available
Following each decennial census, the 435 seats in the House are apportioned—or divided up—among the 50 states (U.S. Const. amend. XIV, § 2, cl. 1; 2 U.S.C. § 2a(a)). Accordingly, to comport with the c...
Housing Issues in the 117th Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2022-11-15 · Reports · 22,108 words · PDF available
As the 117th Congress began, housing challenges presented by the COVID-19 pandemic continued to be a primary concern. In March 2021, Congress passed the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (P.L. 117-2), ...
Health Care-Related Expiring Provisions of the 117th Congress, Second Session
Congressional Research Service · 2022-11-15 · Reports · 4,000 words · PDF available
This report provides information on selected health care-related provisions that have expired or are scheduled to expire during the second session of the 117th Congress (i.e., during calendar year [CY...
Social Security: The Trust Funds and Interest Income
Congressional Research Service · 2022-11-15 · Resources · 1,327 words · PDF available
Background The Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program, or Social Security, is a self-financing social insurance program that protects workers and their families against loss of i...
Lost Wages Assistance: Benefits and Program Integrity
Congressional Research Service · 2022-11-14 · Resources · 1,553 words · PDF available
In response to unemployment caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, Congress created several temporary Unemployment Insurance (UI) benefits through legislation. One of these temporary COVID-19 UI benefits—Fe...
Federal Role in Preventing Evictions
Congressional Research Service · 2022-11-10 · Reports · 10,171 words · PDF available
Concerns related to the economic and public health consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic accelerated what was already a growing interest among federal policymakers in evictions. In March 2020, Congres...
Public Transportation Ridership: Implications of Recent Trends for Federal Policy
Congressional Research Service · 2022-11-10 · Reports · 9,433 words · PDF available
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic had an unprecedented effect on public transportation ridership. Public transportation ridership nationwide in 2020 and 2021 was less than half of what ...
Federal Scientific Integrity Policies: A Primer
Congressional Research Service · 2022-11-09 · Reports · 8,635 words · PDF available
The results of research and development (R&D) help inform the decisions that policymakers and the public reach on a wide range of issues, including human health and safety, the environment, agricultur...
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD)
Congressional Research Service · 2022-11-09 · Resources · 1,565 words · PDF available
The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), the first international financial institution of post-Cold War Europe, was founded in 1991 to ease the path of the former communist countri...
U.S.-Turkey Trade Relations
Congressional Research Service · 2022-11-09 · Resources · 1,651 words · PDF available
Turkey is a NATO ally straddling Europe and the Middle East. With a large consumer class, skilled and youthful labor force, and geostrategic location, Turkey has been attractive to U.S. companies for ...
The Buy American Act and Other Federal Procurement Domestic Content Restrictions
Congressional Research Service · 2022-11-08 · Reports · 14,698 words · PDF available
Federal law imposes a number of restrictions requiring federal agencies to acquire items that are produced or manufactured in the United States. The Buy American Act of 1933 (BAA), the first of the ma...
Social Security: Benefit Calculation Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2022-11-08 · Resources · 1,656 words · PDF available
Background Old-Age and Survivors Insurance (OASI) and Disability Insurance (DI), referred to on a combined basis as OASDI, are social insurance programs that protect workers and their family members a...
Speech or Debate Clause Protections for Informal Member Oversight and Investigations
Congressional Research Service · 2022-11-07 · Posts · 2,173 words · PDF available
The Supreme Court recently cleared the way for a state grand jury to question Senator Lindsey Graham about his role in the 2020 presidential election in Georgia, including with respect to aspects of a...
Unfair or Deceptive Acts or Practices (UDAP) Enforcement Authority Under the Federal Trade Commission Act
Congressional Research Service · 2022-11-04 · Resources · 1,682 words · PDF available
The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) is the principal agency responsible for enforcing federal consumer protection laws. In addition to enforcing several specific laws, the agency enforces Section 5 of ...
What Hides in the Shadows: Deceptive Design of Dark Patterns
Congressional Research Service · 2022-11-04 · Resources · 1,463 words · PDF available
Many consumers have encountered “dark patterns” online but may not recognize their name or harmful impacts. A Federal Trade Commission (FTC) staff report describes dark patterns as “design practices t...