Policy Library

6,587 documents

The Supreme Court’s “Major Questions” Doctrine: Background and Recent Developments
Congressional Research Service · 2022-05-17 · Posts · 2,948 words · PDF available
Congress frequently delegates authority to agencies in general or broad terms to promulgate regulations that advance the goals Congress has identified. In a number of decisions, however, the Supreme C...
Domestic Steel Manufacturing: Overview and Prospects
Congressional Research Service · 2022-05-17 · Reports · 8,411 words · PDF available
Based on 2020 volumes, the United States ranked as the world’s fourth-largest steel producing country, second-largest steel importer, and twentieth-largest steel exporter. According to U.S. Census Bur...
Offshore Energy Agency Appropriations, FY2022
Congressional Research Service · 2022-05-17 · Resources · 1,393 words
Three entities in the Department of the Interior (DOI) share responsibility for managing the nation’s ocean energy resources on almost 2.5 billion acres of the U.S. outer continental shelf (OCS). The ...
Overview of the SEC Climate Risk Disclosure Proposed Rule
Congressional Research Service · 2022-05-17 · Resources · 1,661 words · PDF available
On March 21, 2022, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) voted 3-1 to issue sweeping proposed climate-related disclosure rules for public companies. In issuing the proposed rules, the SEC cited...
Social Security: Cost-of-Living Adjustments (COLAs) and the System’s Projected Financial Shortfall
Congressional Research Service · 2022-05-17 · Resources · 1,879 words · PDF available
Recent news articles have suggested that the historically large 5.9% cost-of-living adjustment (COLA) payable in January 2022 will have a negative impact on the projected financial shortfall of the So...
Thrift Savings Plan: Investment Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2022-05-17 · Resources · 1,696 words · PDF available
The Thrift Savings Plan (TSP) was created under the Federal Employees’ Retirement System Act (FERSA; P.L. 99-335; June 6, 1986). TSP is a defined contribution retirement plan for the civilian federal ...
FY2021 State Grants Under Title I-A of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA)
Congressional Research Service · 2022-05-16 · Reports · 3,199 words · PDF available
The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), most recently comprehensively amended by the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA; P.L. 114-95), is the primary source of federal aid to support elementa...
Social Security Survivors Benefits
Congressional Research Service · 2022-05-16 · Reports · 3,119 words
Social Security is formally known as the Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program. This report focuses on the Survivors Insurance component of Social Security. When a worker dies, ...
Taxing Unemployment Insurance (UI) Benefits: Federal- and State-Level Tax Treatment During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Congressional Research Service · 2022-05-16 · Reports · 6,693 words · PDF available
Unemployment insurance (UI) benefits have generally been fully subject to federal income taxation since the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (P.L. 99-514). For federal income tax purposes, UI benefits include r...
Farm Bill Primer: PLC and ARC Farm Support Programs
Congressional Research Service · 2022-05-16 · Resources · 1,349 words · PDF available
The Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018 (2018 farm bill, P.L. 115-334) reauthorized the Price Loss Coverage (PLC) and the Agriculture Risk Coverage (ARC) programs for crop years 2019-2023. These progr...
Bureau of Land Management: FY2022 Appropriations
Congressional Research Service · 2022-05-16 · Resources · 1,597 words · PDF available
The Bureau of Land Management (BLM), in the Department of the Interior (DOI), manages 244 million acres of federal land, nearly all in the West. Under its multiple-use mission, BLM manages lands for d...
Online Content Moderation and Government Coercion
Congressional Research Service · 2022-05-13 · Posts · 2,106 words · PDF available
In recent years, there has been growing concern about the power of social media companies to control online speech. Some users have tried to assert that online platforms violated users’ constitutional...
“Hacktivists” and the Ukraine-Russia Conflict: Legal Considerations
Congressional Research Service · 2022-05-13 · Posts · 1,768 words · PDF available
Since Russia’s February 24, 2022, invasion of Ukraine, a growing number of nongovernmental hackers motivated by social or political objectives—so-called “hacktivists”—have conducted offensive cyberspa...
Social Security Administration (SSA) FY2022 Annual Limitation on Administrative Expenses (LAE) Appropriation: In Brief
Congressional Research Service · 2022-05-13 · Reports · 2,360 words · PDF available
The Social Security Administration (SSA) is responsible for administering the nation’s primary income support programs for older adults and individuals with disabilities: Social Security and Supplemen...
Introduction to Budget Authority
Congressional Research Service · 2022-05-13 · Resources · 1,326 words · PDF available
Under the U.S. Constitution, Congress exercises the “power of the purse.” This power is expressed through the application of several provisions, particularly Article I, Section 9, which states that fu...
DC Statehood: Constitutional Considerations for Proposed Legislation
Congressional Research Service · 2022-05-12 · Reports · 8,013 words · PDF available
Legislative proposals to create a new state from land previously designated as the seat of federal government raise constitutional questions that have not been directly answered by the judicial branch...
Executive Privilege and Presidential Communications: Judicial Principles
Congressional Research Service · 2022-05-12 · Reports · 17,439 words · PDF available
The presidential communications privilege (Communications Privilege) derives implicitly from the President’s powers under Article II of the U.S. Constitution and the separation of powers, and has been...
Overview of FY2022 Appropriations for Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies (CJS)
Congressional Research Service · 2022-05-11 · Reports · 8,840 words · PDF available
This report describes actions taken to provide FY2022 appropriations for Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies (CJS) accounts. The annual CJS appropriations act provides funding for the Dep...
Taxing Authority in Federal Areas
Congressional Research Service · 2022-05-11 · Reports · 8,017 words · PDF available
The federal government and state governments exercise concurrent taxing powers within the United States. Article I, Section 8, Clause 1 of the Constitution—the Taxing and Spending Clause—provides Cong...
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Water Infrastructure Programs and FY2022 Appropriations
Congressional Research Service · 2022-05-11 · Resources · 1,426 words · PDF available
Policymakers and stakeholders have raised concerns about the condition of the nation’s local drinking water and wastewater infrastructure, and the financial challenges that communities may confront in...
Federal Crop Insurance: Fruits, Vegetables and Specialty Crops
Congressional Research Service · 2022-05-11 · Resources · 1,684 words · PDF available
For decades, Congress has sought to expand federal crop insurance coverage for fruits, vegetables, and other specialty crops—starting with changes enacted in the 1990s through farm bill legislation in...
The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA): Background and U.S. Funding
Congressional Research Service · 2022-05-06 · Reports · 9,476 words · PDF available
Background Established in 1969, the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) is the primary U.N. entity addressing population issues. Its overall goal is to ensure reproductive rights for all, including...
Human Trafficking Awareness Training for Health Care Professionals
Congressional Research Service · 2022-05-06 · Reports · 6,147 words · PDF available
Human trafficking occurs throughout the United States, and traffickers exploit vulnerable individuals for commercial sex and forced labor in a variety of legal and illegal industries. U.S. efforts to ...
Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act: Highway Bridges
Congressional Research Service · 2022-05-06 · Resources · 1,476 words · PDF available
The United States has approximately 620,000 bridges on public roads subject to the National Bridge Inspection Standards (NBIS) mandated by Congress (23 U.S.C. §144). About 48% of these bridges are own...
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS): FY2022 Appropriations and Background
Congressional Research Service · 2022-05-06 · Resources · 1,399 words · PDF available
Background The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)—a scientific agency housed with the Department of the Interior (DOI)—aims to provide unbiased scientific information to describe and understand the geologi...
Social Security Benefit Formula and Payroll Taxes: Potential Impacts of Policy Changes on Selected Worker Groups
Congressional Research Service · 2022-05-04 · Reports · 19,616 words · PDF available
The Social Security program has long been an area of high congressional interest. Because of the number of people receiving benefits, the number of people expected to receive benefits, and the program...
The U.S.-Colombia Free Trade Agreement: Background and Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2022-05-04 · Reports · 13,794 words
The U.S.-Colombia Trade Promotion Agreement entered into force on May 15, 2012. It is a comprehensive free trade agreement (FTA) between the United States and Colombia, which will eventually eliminate...
Student Support and Academic Enrichment (SSAE) Grants
Congressional Research Service · 2022-05-04 · Resources · 1,468 words · PDF available
Student Support and Academic Enrichment (SSAE) Grants (also known as the “block grant” program) are authorized under Title IV-A of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), as amended by the ...
ESEA: The Promise Neighborhoods and Full-Service Community Schools Programs
Congressional Research Service · 2022-05-04 · Resources · 1,535 words · PDF available
The Promise Neighborhoods and Full-Service Community Schools (FSCS) programs are authorized under the Community Support for School Success (CSSS) subpart (Title IV-F-2) of the Elementary and Secondary...
The Role of the House Majority Leader: An Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2022-05-03 · Reports · 7,343 words
The majority leader in the contemporary House is second-in-command behind the Speaker of the House. Typically, the majority leader functions as the Speaker’s chief lieutenant or “field commander” for ...
Social Security: The Widow(er)’s Limit Provision
Congressional Research Service · 2022-05-03 · Resources · 1,565 words · PDF available
Background Social Security is a work-based federal insurance program that provides monthly cash benefits to retired or disabled workers and their family members and to the family members of deceased w...
Payment Settlement Entities and IRS Reporting Requirements
Congressional Research Service · 2022-05-03 · Resources · 1,639 words · PDF available
The Internal Revenue Code (IRC) requires entities making certain types of payments, including wages paid to employees and business payments to contractors, to file information returns with the Interna...
Federal Retirement Plans: Frequently Asked Questions
Congressional Research Service · 2022-05-02 · Reports · 10,954 words · PDF available
This report answers common questions related to federal retirement plans. The vast majority of the civilian federal workforce is covered by either the Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS) or the Fed...
Refining Reed: City of Austin Updates Test for Content-Based Speech Restrictions
Congressional Research Service · 2022-05-02 · Posts · 2,043 words · PDF available
The Supreme Court’s April 21, 2022, decision in City of Austin v. Reagan National Advertising of Austin, LLC is the latest development in the Court’s free speech jurisprudence on content neutrality. C...
Puerto Rico’s Public Debts: Accumulation and Restructuring
Congressional Research Service · 2022-05-02 · Reports · 29,853 words · PDF available
Puerto Rico’s public debts totaled just over $70 billion when the Puerto Rico Oversight, Management, and Economic Stability Act (P.L. 114-187; PROMESA) became law on June 30, 2016. Most of those debts...
Designing Congressional Commissions: Background and Considerations for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2022-05-02 · Reports · 12,928 words · PDF available
Congressional advisory commissions are temporary entities established by Congress to provide advice, make recommendations for changes in public policy, study or investigate a particular problem or eve...
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Sixth Assessment Report
Congressional Research Service · 2022-04-29 · Reports · 8,605 words · PDF available
In 2021, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) released Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis—Contribution of Working Group I, as part of its Sixth Assessment (AR6 WGI). The r...
U.S. Citizenship Through Military Service and Options for Military Relatives
Congressional Research Service · 2022-04-29 · Resources · 1,680 words · PDF available
Overview Obtaining U.S. citizenship provides certain benefits to immigrants, including the right to vote, security from deportation, and eligibility for a U.S. passport. Congress has provided opportun...
Legislation Partially Addresses Fatal “Duck Boat” Accidents
Congressional Research Service · 2022-04-29 · Resources · 1,279 words · PDF available
Amphibious passenger vehicles (APVs), widely known as “duck boats,” are tourist vehicles designed to drive on roads and operate as boats in water. Several fatal accidents have drawn attention to poten...
The State Secrets Privilege: National Security Information in Civil Litigation
Congressional Research Service · 2022-04-28 · Reports · 19,916 words · PDF available
Over time, the Supreme Court of the United States has developed the common law doctrine known as the “state secrets privilege,” which protects sensitive national security information from being disclo...
Equal Protection Does Not Mean Equal SSI Benefits for Puerto Rico Residents, Says Supreme Court
Congressional Research Service · 2022-04-28 · Posts · 1,874 words · PDF available
On April 21, 2022, the U.S. Supreme Court decided United States v. Vaello-Madero, a case asking whether the equal protection guarantee in the U.S. Constitution’s Fifth Amendment requires Congress to p...
The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC): Legislative History
Congressional Research Service · 2022-04-28 · Reports · 10,924 words · PDF available
The earned income tax credit (EITC), when first enacted on a temporary basis in 1975, was a modest tax credit that provided financial assistance to low-income, working families with children. After va...
Agricultural Conservation: FY2022 Appropriations
Congressional Research Service · 2022-04-28 · Reports · 7,387 words · PDF available
The Agriculture appropriations bill funds the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) except for the Forest Service. The FY2022 Consolidated Appropriations Act (P.L. 117-103, Division A) includes fundin...
Recent Litigation over the Social Cost of Greenhouse Gases
Congressional Research Service · 2022-04-28 · Posts · 2,418 words · PDF available
Recent litigation over the activity of an executive branch working group has the potential to introduce uncertainty into how federal agencies consider the “social cost of greenhouse gas” (SC-GHG) emis...
Unemployment Insurance: Program Integrity and Fraud Concerns Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic Response
Congressional Research Service · 2022-04-27 · Reports · 14,821 words · PDF available
The COVID-19 pandemic and resulting economic recession triggered a robust response from the federal-state Unemployment Insurance (UI) system. Permanent-law UI programs—Unemployment Compensation (UC) a...
Small Business Administration: A Primer on Programs and Funding
Congressional Research Service · 2022-04-27 · Reports · 22,661 words · PDF available
The Small Business Administration (SBA) administers several types of programs to support small businesses, including loan guaranty and venture capital programs to enhance small business access to capi...
Tax Incentives for Opportunity Zones
Congressional Research Service · 2022-04-26 · Reports · 9,305 words · PDF available
The 2017 tax revision (P.L. 115-97) temporarily authorized Opportunity Zone (OZ) tax incentives, which are intended to encourage private investment in economically distressed communities. OZ tax incen...
Campaign Finance and the First Amendment: Supreme Court Considers Constitutionality of Limits on Repayment of Candidate Loans
Congressional Research Service · 2022-04-26 · Posts · 2,916 words · PDF available
Campaign finance is back before the Supreme Court. In Federal Election Commission (FEC) v. Ted Cruz for Senate, the Court is faced with a challenge to a federal campaign finance law that establishes a...
International Neutrality Law and U.S. Military Assistance to Ukraine
The United States, the European Union (EU), and others have supplied many forms of security assistance to Ukraine in the weeks since Russia’s invasion. Recent U.S. assistance to Ukraine, discussed in ...
U.S. Immigration Courts and the Pending Cases Backlog
Congressional Research Service · 2022-04-25 · Reports · 20,759 words · PDF available
U.S. immigration courts adjudicate cases according to immigration laws enumerated in the Immigration and Nationality Act. Congress’s interest in immigration courts has been heightened by lawmakers’ co...