Policy Library

6,587 documents

Privately Made and Unmarked Firearms: Overview of ATF “Ghost Gun” Rule
Congressional Research Service · 2022-04-25 · Posts · 1,876 words · PDF available
On April 7, 2021, President Biden announced several executive actions seeking to address gun violence, including instructions for the Department of Justice (DOJ) to issue a rule addressing so-called “...
Congressional Gold Medals: Categorization of Proposed and Enacted Medals, 1973-2020
Congressional Research Service · 2022-04-25 · Resources · 1,129 words · PDF available
In 1776, the Continental Congress awarded the first Congressional Gold Medal to General George Washington for his “wise and spirited conduct” in bringing about the British evacuation of Boston. Since ...
Judiciary Budget Request, FY2023
Congressional Research Service · 2022-04-25 · Resources · 1,302 words · PDF available
Overview The FY2023 judiciary budget request includes $8.64 billion in discretionary funds (an increase of 8.2% over the FY2022 enacted level), and $767.2 million in mandatory appropriations used, in ...
Federal Broadband Data Sources: Frequently Asked Questions
Congressional Research Service · 2022-04-22 · Reports · 3,868 words · PDF available
This report provides an overview of select federal broadband data sources and answers frequently asked congressional questions concerning these sources. The answers to frequently asked questions inclu...
FY2020 State Grants Under Title I-A of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA)
Congressional Research Service · 2022-04-22 · Reports · 3,149 words · PDF available
The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), most recently comprehensively amended by the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA; P.L. 114-95), is the primary source of federal aid to support elementa...
Strategic Petroleum Reserve Oil Releases: October 2021 Through October 2022
Congressional Research Service · 2022-04-22 · Posts · 1,019 words · PDF available
The Biden Administration announced plans to release up to 260 million barrels of crude oil from the U.S. Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) from October 2021 through October 2022. Oil stocks in the SPR...
Farm Bill Primer: International Food Aid Programs, McGovern-Dole and Local and Regional Procurement
Congressional Research Service · 2022-04-21 · Resources · 1,431 words · PDF available
The U.S. government administers international food assistance programs that aim to alleviate hunger and improve food security around the world. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) administers se...
Nonstructural Shoreline Stabilization Projects, or “Beach Renourishment,” and the Coastal Barrier Resources Act (CBRA)
Congressional Research Service · 2022-04-21 · Posts · 3,399 words · PDF available
Coastal areas have often been popular sites for development for a variety of commercial, scientific, and personal purposes. The U.S. coastal areas are twice as developed as the rest of the country, an...
The National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA): Current Roles and Programs
Congressional Research Service · 2022-04-20 · Reports · 11,165 words · PDF available
The National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA), an executive branch agency within the Department of Commerce, plays a leading role in spectrum management, federal broadband supp...
Controlled Access Programs of the Intelligence Community
Congressional Research Service · 2022-04-20 · Resources · 1,470 words · PDF available
Introduction The Controlled Access Programs (CAPs) that the Intelligence Community (IC) has developed to further limit the sharing of the most sensitive classified information have raised questions fo...
Leaving Congress: House of Representatives and Senate Departures Data, 1989-2020
Congressional Research Service · 2022-04-20 · Reports · 1,723 words
Members of Congress leave the House or Senate for a variety of reasons; these may include resignation, death, or chamber action during a Congress, and retirement, electoral defeat, or pursuit of anoth...
Gasoline Price Increases: Federal and State Authority to Limit “Price Gouging”
Congressional Research Service · 2022-04-19 · Reports · 3,561 words · PDF available
Fluctuations in gasoline prices, including supply chain concerns related to international events, have renewed focus on the role of the government in discouraging gasoline “price gouging,” a term comm...
SBA Office of the National Ombudsman: Overview, History, and Current Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2022-04-19 · Reports · 8,514 words · PDF available
The Office of the National Ombudsman, housed within the Small Business Administration (SBA), was created in 1996 as part of P.L. 104-121, the Contract with America Advancement Act of 1996 (Title II, t...
The Use of DNA by the Criminal Justice System and the Federal Role: Background, Current Law, and Grants
Congressional Research Service · 2022-04-18 · Reports · 12,310 words · PDF available
Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, is the fundamental building block for an individual’s entire genetic makeup. DNA is a powerful tool for law enforcement investigations because each person’s DNA is diffe...
Digital Wallets and Selected Policy Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2022-04-18 · Resources · 1,631 words · PDF available
Digital Wallet Landscape A digital wallet is a software application that stores payment or account details to facilitate traditional payments that use bank and credit card details and/or cryptocurrenc...
Strengthening Career and Technical Education for the 21st Century Act (Perkins V): A Primer
Congressional Research Service · 2022-04-15 · Reports · 12,268 words · PDF available
The Carl D. Perkins Career and Technical Education Act (Perkins Act) is the primary federal law aimed at developing and supporting career and technical education (CTE) programs for secondary and posts...
Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD): FY2023 Budget Request Fact Sheet
Congressional Research Service · 2022-04-13 · Reports · 1,395 words · PDF available
This report provides a brief overview of the President’s FY2023 budget request for the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). It links to relevant Administration budget documents and Congr...
The PREP Act and COVID-19, Part 1: Statutory Authority to Limit Liability for Medical Countermeasures
Congressional Research Service · 2022-04-13 · Posts · 2,220 words · PDF available
To encourage the expeditious development and deployment of medical countermeasures during a public health emergency, the Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act (PREP Act) authorizes the Secre...
Intellectual Property Law: A Brief Introduction
Congressional Research Service · 2022-04-13 · Resources · 1,771 words · PDF available
Intellectual property (IP) law comprises a set of exclusive rights to exclude others from making, copying, or using certain intangible creations of the human mind. The U.S. Constitution provides Congr...
Russia’s Trade Status, Tariffs, and WTO Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2022-04-11 · Resources · 1,806 words · PDF available
Following Russia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine, the Senate and House passed H.R. 7108 on April 7 to revoke Russia’s permanent normal trade relations (PNTR) status, which provides unconditional, nondiscri...
Examining Stock Trading Reforms For Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2022-04-08 · Testimony · 7,259 words · PDF available
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Enhancing the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938
Congressional Research Service · 2022-04-08 · Testimony · 8,415 words · PDF available
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Overview of Correspondent Banking and “DeRisking” Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2022-04-08 · Resources · 1,519 words · PDF available
What Is Correspondent Banking? In broad terms, correspondent banking refers to formal agreements or relationships between banks to provide payment services for each other. It is often used to effectua...
The Provider Relief Fund: Frequently Asked Questions
Congressional Research Service · 2022-04-07 · Reports · 7,321 words · PDF available
The Provider Relief Fund (PRF) was established in the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act, P.L. 116-136) to reimburse, through grants or other mechanisms, eligible health car...
SBA Small Business Investment Company Program
Congressional Research Service · 2022-04-07 · Reports · 20,195 words · PDF available
The Small Business Administration’s (SBA’s) Small Business Investment Company (SBIC) program is designed to enhance small business access to venture capital by stimulating and supplementing “the flow ...
Sexual Harassment and Assault at School: Divergence Among Federal Courts Regarding Liability
Congressional Research Service · 2022-04-07 · Posts · 2,088 words · PDF available
Under Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (Title IX), schools that receive federal financial assistance are liable for a “deliberately indifferent” response to the sexual harassment and assau...
The Evolution of Marijuana as a Controlled Substance and the Federal-State Policy Gap
Congressional Research Service · 2022-04-07 · Reports · 56,109 words · PDF available
Marijuana is a psychoactive drug that generally consists of leaves and flowers of the cannabis sativa plant. Its history dates back thousands of years, but in the United States it became popular as a ...
Medicare Trigger
Congressional Research Service · 2022-04-07 · Reports · 6,481 words
The Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 (MMA; P.L. 108-173) requires the Medicare Board of Trustees to provide in its annual reports, starting with the 2005 report, ...
National Park System: Establishing New Units
Congressional Research Service · 2022-04-06 · Reports · 3,967 words
The National Park System includes 423 diverse units administered by the National Park Service (NPS) in the Department of the Interior. Units generally are added to the National Park System by acts of ...
A Code of Conduct for the Supreme Court? Legal Questions and Considerations
Congressional Research Service · 2022-04-06 · Posts · 2,016 words · PDF available
The Code of Conduct for United States Judges (the Code) is a set of ethical canons that the Judicial Conference of the United States (Judicial Conference) has adopted to promote public confidence in t...
Antitrust Issues in Labor Markets
Congressional Research Service · 2022-04-06 · Posts · 2,978 words · PDF available
The typical antitrust case involves sellers in a product market. For example, rival manufacturers might conspire to fix the price of memory chips. A tobacco giant may monopolize the cigarette industry...
National Flood Insurance Program: The Current Rating Structure and Risk Rating 2.0
Congressional Research Service · 2022-04-04 · Reports · 8,980 words · PDF available
The National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) is the primary source of flood insurance coverage for residential properties in the United States, with more than 5 million policies in over 22,000 communit...
Payroll Taxes: An Overview of Taxes Imposed and Past Payroll Tax Relief
Congressional Research Service · 2022-04-04 · Reports · 13,589 words · PDF available
A payroll tax is generally a tax levied on the wages or earnings of workers. Federal payroll taxes are the second-largest federal revenue source, after individual income taxes, raising $1.3 trillion (...
How Climate Change May Affect the U.S. Economy
Congressional Research Service · 2022-04-04 · Reports · 11,100 words · PDF available
There is general consensus within the scientific community that human activities have increased greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere and that the increased concentrations have contributed t...
Overview of Federal Hate Crime Laws
Congressional Research Service · 2022-04-01 · Reports · 33,223 words · PDF available
Incidents such as the fatal shootings at Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church in Charleston, South Carolina in 2015, the killing of a counter-protester at the 2017 “Unite the Right Rally” in Cha...
Surprise Billing: Independent Dispute Resolution Process
Congressional Research Service · 2022-04-01 · Resources · 1,827 words · PDF available
This In Focus summarizes statute and interim final rule (IFR) regulations to describe the independent dispute resolution (IDR) process available to insurers and out-of-network providers in certain sur...
Federal Civil Action for Disclosure of Intimate Images: Free Speech Considerations
Congressional Research Service · 2022-04-01 · Posts · 1,929 words · PDF available
On March 15, 2022, Congress authorized a federal civil claim relating to the disclosure of intimate images as part of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022. The new cause of action, which takes ef...
An Economic Perspective on Wealth Taxes
Congressional Research Service · 2022-04-01 · Resources · 1,634 words · PDF available
The idea of imposing a tax on individual wealth has appeared in policy debates with increasing frequency. Proponents of a wealth tax have primarily argued that such a tax would achieve three objective...
Preparing for the Next Farm Bill
Congressional Research Service · 2022-03-31 · Reports · 25,266 words · PDF available
The farm bill is an omnibus, multiyear law that governs an array of agricultural and food programs. Although freestanding legislation or components of other major laws sometimes create or change agric...
Skills Gaps: A Review of Underlying Concepts and Evidence
Congressional Research Service · 2022-03-31 · Reports · 25,159 words · PDF available
Employer reports of job vacancies left unfilled due to a lack of adequately skilled applicants have spanned U.S. industries for decades, and have often raised concerns among some Members of Congress a...
Build Back Better Act (BBBA) Health Coverage Provisions: House-Passed and SenateReleased Language
Congressional Research Service · 2022-03-30 · Reports · 33,071 words · PDF available
This report provides information about House-passed and Senate-released Build Back Better Act (BBBA) provisions related to private health insurance, Medicaid, the State Children’s Health Insurance Pro...
Small Business Administration Microloan Program
Congressional Research Service · 2022-03-30 · Reports · 13,852 words
The Small Business Administration’s (SBA’s) Microloan program provides direct loans to nonprofit intermediary lenders to provide “microloans” of up to $50,000 to small businesses and nonprofit child c...
SBA Office of Advocacy: Overview, History, and Current Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2022-03-30 · Reports · 9,854 words · PDF available
The Office of Advocacy (Advocacy) is an “independent” office within the U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) that advances “the views and concerns of small businesses before Congress, the White Ho...
Social Security: How Do Children Qualify for Benefits?
Congressional Research Service · 2022-03-30 · Resources · 1,808 words · PDF available
Social Security is a federal work-related program designed to protect insured workers and their eligible family members from the loss of earnings due to the worker’s retirement, disability, or death. ...
The Modes of Constitutional Analysis: The Constitutional Avoidance Doctrine (Part 9)
Congressional Research Service · 2022-03-29 · Posts · 928 words · PDF available
This Legal Sidebar Post is the last in a nine-part series that discusses certain “methods” or “modes” of analysis that the Supreme Court has used to interpret provisions of the Constitution. This nint...
The Constitutional Avoidance Doctrine: Judicial Minimalism (Part 1 of 3)
Congressional Research Service · 2022-03-29 · Posts · 1,144 words · PDF available
The Constitutional Avoidance Doctrine (see CRS Legal Sidebar LSB10719, The Modes of Constitutional Analysis: The Constitutional Avoidance Doctrine (Part 9)) is a set of rules the Supreme Court has dev...
The Constitutional Avoidance Doctrine: The Last Resort Rule (Part 2 of 3)
Congressional Research Service · 2022-03-29 · Posts · 1,028 words · PDF available
The Constitutional Avoidance Doctrine (see CRS Legal Sidebar LSB10719, The Modes of Constitutional Analysis: The Constitutional Avoidance Doctrine (Part 9)) is a set of rules the Supreme Court has dev...
The Constitutional Avoidance Doctrine: The Constitutional-Doubt Canon (Part 3 of 3)
Congressional Research Service · 2022-03-29 · Posts · 1,215 words · PDF available
The Constitutional Avoidance Doctrine (see CRS Legal Sidebar LSB10719, The Modes of Constitutional Analysis: The Constitutional Avoidance Doctrine (Part 9)) is a set of rules the Supreme Court has dev...
Space Weather: An Overview of Policy and Select U.S. Government Roles and Responsibilities
Congressional Research Service · 2022-03-29 · Reports · 13,731 words · PDF available
Space weather refers to conditions on the sun, in the solar wind, and within the extreme reaches of Earth’s upper atmosphere. In certain circumstances, space weather may pose hazards to space-borne an...
Mark-to-Market Taxation of Capital Gains
Congressional Research Service · 2022-03-29 · Resources · 1,784 words · PDF available
Capital gains are subject to tax only when realized upon sale of an asset. The tax does not apply to gain on assets passed on at death, due to tax rules that apply to capital gains realized by heirs. ...