Policy Library

7,020 documents

Federal Crop Insurance Program (FCIP): Limits on Administrative and Operating Subsidies
Congressional Research Service · 2022-08-10 · Resources · 1,439 words · PDF available
The federal crop insurance program (FCIP) offers farmers the opportunity to purchase insurance coverage against financial losses caused by a wide variety of perils, including certain adverse growing a...
International Responses to the 2022 Monkeypox Outbreak
Congressional Research Service · 2022-08-10 · Resources · 1,438 words · PDF available
Introduction In May 2022, the International Health Regulations (IHR) Focal Point for the United Kingdom notified the World Health Organization (WHO) that an individual who travelled from the United Ki...
Federal Role in Responding to Potential Risks of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)
Congressional Research Service · 2022-08-10 · Reports · 40,443 words · PDF available
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of fluorinated compounds that have been used for various purposes, including numerous commercial, industrial, and U.S. military applications. Som...
Forecasting Tropical Cyclones: NOAA’s Role
Congressional Research Service · 2022-08-10 · Resources · 1,499 words · PDF available
Timely and accurate forecasts of tropical cyclones, including tropical depressions, tropical storms, and hurricanes (hereinafter TCs or storms), can provide life-and property-saving warnings to parts ...
An Excise Tax on Stock Repurchases and Tax Advantages of Buybacks over Dividends
Congressional Research Service · 2022-08-10 · Resources · 1,287 words · PDF available
The Build Back Better Act (H.R. 5376), as reported by the Committee on the Budget, includes a provision to impose a 1% excise tax on stock repurchases by publicly traded corporations. Stock repurchase...
Federal Payroll Tax Administration
Congressional Research Service · 2022-08-09 · Infographics · 602 words · PDF available
/ Federal Payroll Tax Administration Payroll taxes are levied on the wages or earnings of workers. Payroll taxes are the federal government’s second-largest revenue source (after individual income tax...
The U.S. Land-Grant University System: Overview and Role in Agricultural Research
Congressional Research Service · 2022-08-09 · Reports · 13,412 words · PDF available
With the passage of the first Morrill Act in 1862, the United States began a novel policy of providing federal support for post-secondary education, focused on agriculture and the mechanical arts. The...
Presidential Records Management: Preservation and Disposal
Congressional Research Service · 2022-08-09 · Resources · 1,644 words · PDF available
Presidential records provide an essential window into many of the most consequential actions and decisions of the American government. The Presidential Records Act (PRA; 44 U.S.C. §§2201-2209) sets fo...
Modernizing Access to Military Service Records: Frequently Asked Questions
Congressional Research Service · 2022-08-08 · Reports · 9,313 words · PDF available
As the world increasingly relies on digital access and electronic material as means to apply for jobs, educational programs, disability or military benefits, etc., documents that are not digitized are...
Beyond January 6th: White House Confidentiality and Congressional Investigations
Congressional Research Service · 2022-08-05 · Posts · 2,400 words · PDF available
One significant aspect of the recent hearings held by the House Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol (Committee) has been the frequency and prevalence of...
Ongoing Efforts to Address Fraud and Adulteration of Honey
Congressional Research Service · 2022-08-05 · Resources · 1,763 words · PDF available
In the next farm bill, Congress may address concerns raised by U.S. honey producers about the adulteration, misbranding, and fraudulent mislabeling of both domestically produced and imported honey. So...
U.S. Domestic Response to the 2022 Monkeypox Outbreak
Congressional Research Service · 2022-08-05 · Resources · 1,681 words · PDF available
Background On August 4, 2022, the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Secretary declared a Public Health Emergency for the monkeypox outbreak. Countries in Africa have reported monkeypox sin...
The FAFSA Simplification Act
Congressional Research Service · 2022-08-04 · Reports · 14,487 words · PDF available
The Higher Education Act of 1965 (HEA; P.L. 89-329, as amended), authorizes numerous federal aid programs that provide support to both individuals pursuing a postsecondary education and institutions o...
Maintaining Electric Reliability with Wind and Solar Sources: Background and Issues for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2022-08-04 · Reports · 11,146 words · PDF available
The share of wind and solar power in the U.S. electricity mix grew from 1% in 2008 to 13% in 2021. Wind and solar are variable renewable energy (VRE) sources. Unlike conventional sources, weather vari...
Judicial Review and the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969
Congressional Research Service · 2022-08-04 · Reports · 10,531 words · PDF available
The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), enacted in 1969, requires federal agencies to integrate environmental considerations into their decisionmaking processes. It also directs agencies to use ...
Taxation of Carried Interest
Congressional Research Service · 2022-08-04 · Reports · 4,845 words · PDF available
Congress has had a long-standing interest in the tax treatment of carried interest—a form of compensation often received by fund managers of alternative investment vehicles (e.g., private equity or he...
Federal Student Loan Repayment Programs for Behavioral Health Service Providers
Congressional Research Service · 2022-08-04 · Resources · 1,637 words · PDF available
Many policymakers have long-standing concerns about the availability of behavioral health (i.e., mental health and substance use) treatment services overall and in specific geographic areas. One optio...
Microsoft’s Proposed Acquisition of Activision Blizzard: In Brief
Congressional Research Service · 2022-08-03 · Reports · 5,701 words · PDF available
Keywords: Microsoft Corp., Activision Blizzard Inc., video game, Federal Trade Commission (FTC), Department of Justice (DOJ), antitrust, Hart-Scott-Rodino Act, Clayton Act, competition, labor market, ...
Overview of Governmental Action Under the Stored Communications Act (SCA)
Congressional Research Service · 2022-08-03 · Posts · 1,706 words · PDF available
The Stored Communications Act (SCA), 18 U.S.C. §§ 2701 et seq., governs access to stored wire and electronic communications such as emails and other online messages held by service providers. Congress...
Job Corps: A Primer
Congressional Research Service · 2022-08-03 · Reports · 6,176 words · PDF available
Job Corps is a comprehensive and primarily residential federal job training program for youth ages 16 to 24 who are low-income and have a barrier to education and employment. The program is authorized...
Conducting Research on Federal Real Property: A Guide to Selected Resources
Congressional Research Service · 2022-08-03 · Reports · 3,249 words · PDF available
This report is designed to introduce congressional staff to selected sources published by the General Services Administration (GSA) that may be useful in conducting research on federal real property—l...
Legal and Practical Implications of the Ninth Circuit’s Cottonwood Environmental Law Center v. U.S. Forest Service Decision Under the Endangered Species Act
Congressional Research Service · 2022-08-02 · Reports · 10,466 words · PDF available
The Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA; P.L. 93-205) generally requires federal agencies to consult with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) or the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) (toge...
Three Strike Mandatory Sentencing (18 U.S.C. § 3559(c)): An Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2022-08-01 · Reports · 5,752 words · PDF available
The federal three strikes provision calls for a mandatory term of life imprisonment for defendants convicted of a serious violent felony who have two or more federal or state serious violent felony co...
Railroad Retirement Board: Trust Fund Investment Practices
Congressional Research Service · 2022-08-01 · Reports · 4,663 words
The Railroad Retirement Board (RRB), an independent federal agency, administers retirement, survivor, disability, unemployment, and sickness insurance for railroad workers and their families. Railroad...
Naval Station Guantanamo Bay: History and Legal Issues Regarding Its Lease Agreements
Congressional Research Service · 2022-08-01 · Reports · 8,303 words · PDF available
This report briefly outlines the history of the U.S. Naval Station Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, its changing relationship to the surrounding community, and its heightened importance due to military operation...
False Speech and the First Amendment: Constitutional Limits on Regulating Misinformation
Congressional Research Service · 2022-08-01 · Resources · 1,645 words · PDF available
Federal and state legislators have expressed interest in regulating online misinformation and disinformation. Such regulatory efforts may implicate the U.S. Constitution’s First Amendment. The Supreme...
Big Tech in Financial Services
Congressional Research Service · 2022-07-29 · Reports · 17,856 words · PDF available
For the past decade or so, “Big Tech”—which hereinafter refers to the large technology companies Amazon, Apple, Google, and Facebook (now Meta Platforms), unless otherwise noted—has been offering a va...
Wilderness: Overview, Management, and Statistics
Congressional Research Service · 2022-07-29 · Reports · 8,369 words
Congress enacted the Wilderness Act in 1964. This act created the National Wilderness Preservation System, reserved to Congress the authority to designate wilderness areas, and directed the Secretarie...
Video Relay Service: Program Funding and Reform
Congressional Research Service · 2022-07-29 · Reports · 1,669 words
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulates a number of disability-related telecommunications services, including video relay service (VRS). VRS allows persons with hearing disabilities, usi...
Overseas Crime in the United States
Congressional Research Service · 2022-07-29 · Posts · 781 words · PDF available
How do you commit a crime in the United States when you have never been here? According to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit (Fourth Circuit) in United States v. Elbaz, you can...
Supreme Court Rules That Migrant Protection Protocols Rescission Was Not Unlawful
Congressional Research Service · 2022-07-28 · Posts · 2,681 words · PDF available
On June 30, 2022, the Supreme Court in a 5-4 decision held in Biden v. Texas that the Department of Homeland Security’s (DHS’s) rescission of the Migrant Protection Protocols (MPP) did not violate fed...
Intellectual Property: Forms of Federal IP Protection
Congressional Research Service · 2022-07-28 · Infographics · 545 words · PDF available
/ Intellectual Property Forms of Federal IP Protection Intellectual property (IP) law comprises a set of rights to exclude others from making, copying, or using certain intangible creations of the hum...
Protection of Health Information Under HIPAA and the FTC Act: A Comparison
Congressional Research Service · 2022-07-28 · Posts · 2,430 words · PDF available
On June 24, 2022, the Supreme Court decided Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization, overturning Roe v. Wade, and holding that the U.S. Constitution does not confer a right to abortion. Following...
Federal Individual Income Tax Terms: An Explanation
Congressional Research Service · 2022-07-28 · Reports · 3,872 words
This report describes the terms most commonly used when discussing the federal individual income tax. Most of these tax terms are explained in the order that they occur in the process of determining o...
Agricultural Conservation: A Guide to Programs
Congressional Research Service · 2022-07-28 · Reports · 10,912 words · PDF available
The Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) and the Farm Service Agency (FSA) in the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) currently administer over 20 programs and subprograms that are directly...
Back to the Future? Lessons from the “Great Inflation”
Congressional Research Service · 2022-07-28 · Resources · 1,606 words · PDF available
Since April 2021, the U.S. economy has grappled with high inflation, which reached 6.3% in May 2022, as measured by the Personal Consumption Expenditures (PCE) index. (For more information, see CRS Re...
Family Violence Prevention and Services Act (FVPSA): Background and Funding
Congressional Research Service · 2022-07-27 · Reports · 18,837 words · PDF available
Family violence broadly refers to acts of physical and sexual violence perpetrated by individuals against family members. The federal government has responded to various forms of family violence, incl...
Agricultural Credit: Institutions and Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2022-07-27 · Reports · 7,054 words · PDF available
A variety of lenders, from the federal government to commercial banks, make loans to farmers and ranchers. The federal government provides credit assistance to farmers and ranchers who cannot obtain l...
Supreme Court Invalidates Cap on Repayment of Candidate Loans Under the First Amendment: Considerations for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2022-07-27 · Posts · 2,038 words · PDF available
In Federal Election Commission (FEC) v. Ted Cruz for Senate, the U.S. Supreme Court invalidated a provision of federal campaign finance law establishing a $250,000 limit on the amount of post-election...
Federal Student Loan Debt Cancellation: Policy Considerations
Congressional Research Service · 2022-07-27 · Reports · 26,402 words · PDF available
Outstanding federal student loan debt exceeds $1.6 trillion and is owed by approximately 45 million borrowers. While numerous federal student loan repayment and forgiveness programs that provide targe...
The School Foodservice Workforce: Characteristics and Labor Market Outcomes
Congressional Research Service · 2022-07-27 · Reports · 14,976 words · PDF available
In 2019, an estimated 339,000 workers were employed in foodservice operations in the nation’s elementary and secondary schools. While news stories often focus on so-called lunch ladies, the school foo...
Federal Compassionate Release After the First Step Act
Congressional Research Service · 2022-07-26 · Reports · 5,008 words · PDF available
U.S. district courts enjoy the discretion to reduce the sentence of federal prisoners on grounds of compassionate release on the motion of the Bureau of Prisons (BOP), or, after enactment of the First...
State Small Business Credit Initiative: Implementation and Funding Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2022-07-25 · Reports · 11,661 words · PDF available
Congressional interest in small business access to capital has always been high, primarily because small businesses are viewed as a means to stimulate economic activity and create jobs, but it became ...
Highway Bridges: Conditions, Funding Programs, and Issues for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2022-07-25 · Reports · 8,218 words · PDF available
The United States has approximately 620,000 bridges longer than 20 feet on public roads. About 48% of these bridges are owned by state governments and 50% by local governments. The number of bridges c...
Dominican Republic-Central America-United States Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR)
Congressional Research Service · 2022-07-22 · Resources · 1,600 words · PDF available
Overview CAFTA-DR is a free trade agreement (FTA) among the United States, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and the Dominican Republic. It eliminated on a reciprocal basis tari...
The Federal Communications Commission: Selected Issues Under Consideration
Congressional Research Service · 2022-07-21 · Reports · 10,168 words · PDF available
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is set to begin or complete proceedings on a range of policy topics of ongoing interest to Congress in 2022: broadband data and mapping; fifth-generation (5...
Federal Crop Insurance Program Support for Natural Disasters
Congressional Research Service · 2022-07-21 · Resources · 1,329 words · PDF available
Natural disasters—events such as severe droughts, floods, and storms—can cause crop and animal production losses as well as other physical and financial losses for farm operations. The Federal Crop In...
High Court Limits Ability of Aliens Ordered Removed to Challenge Prolonged Detention
Congressional Research Service · 2022-07-20 · Posts · 2,515 words · PDF available
Non-U.S. nationals (aliens, as the term is used in the Immigration and Nationality Act [INA]) ordered removed may be detained pending efforts to effectuate their transfer to a foreign country. In its ...
The Hyde Amendment: An Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2022-07-20 · Resources · 1,680 words · PDF available
The Hyde Amendment, named after its original congressional sponsor, Representative Henry J. Hyde, refers to annual funding restrictions that Congress has regularly included in the annual appropriation...
The Supplemental Poverty Measure: Its Core Concepts, Development, and Use
Congressional Research Service · 2022-07-19 · Reports · 19,362 words · PDF available
The Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM) is a measure of economic deprivation—having insufficient financial resources to achieve a specified standard of living. The SPM addresses some of the limitations...