Policy Library

6,587 documents

The Growing Gap in Life Expectancy by Income: Recent Evidence and Implications for the Social Security Retirement Age
Congressional Research Service · 2021-07-06 · Reports · 19,419 words · PDF available
Life expectancy is a population-level measure that refers to the average number of years an individual will live. Although life expectancy has generally been increasing over time in the United States,...
Domestic Terrorism: Overview of Federal Criminal Law and Constitutional Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2021-07-02 · Reports · 41,873 words · PDF available
Federal statute defines domestic terrorism to include dangerous criminal acts intended to intimidate or coerce a civilian population or to influence or affect government policy or conduct within the j...
Behavioral Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Overview and Issues for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2021-07-02 · Reports · 16,389 words · PDF available
Circumstances surrounding the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic—including mitigation strategies to prevent spread of the virus—appear to have adversely affected the mental health of many Am...
Potential Application of Bostock v. Clayton County to Other Civil Rights Statutes
Congressional Research Service · 2021-07-02 · Reports · 25,925 words · PDF available
Last year, the Supreme Court ruled in Bostock v. Clayton County that a statutory provision prohibiting discrimination in the workplace “because of ... sex” also forbids employers from making employmen...
American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (P.L. 117-2): Public Health, Medical Supply Chain, Health Services, and Related Provisions
Congressional Research Service · 2021-07-02 · Reports · 25,536 words · PDF available
The American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (ARPA; P.L. 117-2) is the sixth major legislative package in a series to address domestic public health and health system challenges related to the Coronavirus Dis...
Strengthening National Preparedness
Congressional Research Service · 2021-07-02 · Infographics · 541 words · PDF available
/ Strengthening National Preparedness In the Post-Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act (PKEMRA, P.L. 109–295), Congress required the President to develop a national preparedness system – that inclu...
Funding Conditions: Constitutional Limits on Congress’s Spending Power
Congressional Research Service · 2021-07-01 · Reports · 19,059 words · PDF available
The Spending Clause of the U.S. Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause 1) gives Congress broad power to authorize spending for the “general Welfare.” The Necessary and Proper Clause (Article I, Se...
Foreign Assistance and the Education Sector: Programs and Priorities
Congressional Research Service · 2021-07-01 · Reports · 10,751 words · PDF available
Education has long been a key focus sector within U.S. foreign assistance. Policymakers generally agree that education is crucial to bettering livelihoods and improving economic stability in developin...
Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA): A Summary of the Act and Its Major Requirements
Congressional Research Service · 2021-07-01 · Reports · 14,435 words · PDF available
This report provides a summary of the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) and its major programs and regulatory requirements. It reviews revisions to the act since its enactment in 1974,including the drink...
Student Athlete Name, Image, Likeness Legislation: Considerations for the 117th Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2021-07-01 · Reports · 15,287 words · PDF available
The national debate on college athlete compensation, fueled in part by high-profile litigation and state legislative enactments, has prompted calls for congressional action on the issue of student ath...
Van Buren v. United States: Supreme Court Holds Accessing Information on a Computer for Unauthorized Purposes Not Federal Crime
Congressional Research Service · 2021-07-01 · Posts · 2,756 words · PDF available
On June 3, 2021, the United States Supreme Court issued its opinion in Van Buren v. United States, holding that an individual does not violate the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA) if he is authoriz...
Federal Holidays: Evolution and Current Practices
Congressional Research Service · 2021-07-01 · Reports · 6,328 words · PDF available
The United States has established by law the following 12 permanent federal holidays, listed in the order they appear in the calendar: New Year’s Day, Martin Luther King Jr.’s Birthday, Inauguration D...
Need-Tested Benefits: Technical Companion to Selected CRS Reports on Need-Tested Benefits Receipt by Families and Individuals
Congressional Research Service · 2021-06-30 · Reports · 4,439 words · PDF available
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Need-Tested Benefits: Who Receives Assistance?
Congressional Research Service · 2021-06-30 · Reports · 8,186 words · PDF available
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the financial insecurity faced by some families. For some, these insecurities are related to the economic impact of the pandemic; for others, financial insecurity...
Department of Veterans Affairs FY2021 Appropriations
Congressional Research Service · 2021-06-30 · Reports · 17,325 words · PDF available
The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) administers numerous programs that provide benefits and services to eligible veterans and their families. These benefits include medical care; disability compen...
Need-Tested Benefits: Impact of Assistance on Poverty Experienced by Low-Income Families and Individuals
Congressional Research Service · 2021-06-30 · Reports · 8,998 words · PDF available
Need-tested programs have received increased attention from policymakers in the past year, as the COVID-19 pandemic pushed workers from jobs for extended periods and depressed employment income among ...
Surfside Building Collapse: The Role of the National Construction Safety Team Act and the National Institute of Standards and Technology
Congressional Research Service · 2021-06-30 · Resources · 1,378 words · PDF available
Following the September 11, 2001 (9/11) terrorist attacks, there was a recognition among policymakers that no federal agency had principal responsibility for investigating building failures. To addres...
Supreme Court Preserves Patent Trial and Appeal Board, but with Greater Executive Oversight
Congressional Research Service · 2021-06-29 · Posts · 3,280 words · PDF available
In 2011, Congress enacted a major patent reform bill, the Leahy–Smith America Invents Act (AIA). Among other things, the AIA created new adversarial administrative proceedings within the Patent and Tr...
Supreme Court Holds Small Refineries Remain Eligible for Renewable Fuel Standard Exemptions After Lapse
Congressional Research Service · 2021-06-28 · Posts · 1,791 words · PDF available
In HollyFrontier Cheyenne Refining v. Renewable Fuels Association, the Supreme Court held that small refineries may receive small refinery exemptions (SREs) from the renewable fuel standard (RFS) even...
The Global Research and Development Landscape and Implications for the Department of Defense
Congressional Research Service · 2021-06-28 · Reports · 17,142 words · PDF available
For more than 70 years, the technological superiority of the United States military has offset the size and geographic advantages of potential adversaries. The Department of Defense (DOD), due in larg...
Supreme Court: Structure of Federal Housing Finance Agency Violates Constitution
Congressional Research Service · 2021-06-28 · Posts · 2,482 words · PDF available
On June 23, the Supreme Court in Collins v. Yellen ruled 7-2 that the structure of the Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA) violates the Constitution’s separation of powers. The FHFA is headed by a s...
Carbon Storage Requirements in the 45Q Tax Credit
Congressional Research Service · 2021-06-28 · Resources · 1,776 words · PDF available
The Internal Revenue Code Section 45Q tax credit is intended to promote investment in carbon capture and sequestration (CCS), a process designed to reduce atmospheric emissions of greenhouse gases (GH...
Overview of the Universal Service Fund and Selected Federal Broadband Programs
Congressional Research Service · 2021-06-25 · Reports · 16,351 words · PDF available
Efforts to deploy voice telephone service throughout the United States began almost 100 years ago. Starting in the 1990s, these efforts shifted toward the deployment of broadband internet service to h...
U.S. Funding for International Conservation and Biodiversity
Congressional Research Service · 2021-06-25 · Reports · 12,422 words · PDF available
The United States supports international conservation efforts through foreign assistance programs, diplomatic engagement, and other tools. Members of Congress have supported such efforts on a bipartis...
U.S. Department of the Interior: An Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2021-06-23 · Reports · 13,727 words · PDF available
The U.S. Department of the Interior (DOI) is a federal executive department responsible for the administration of lands, minerals, and other resources of the United States. DOI describes its mission a...
Digital Assets and SEC Regulation
Congressional Research Service · 2021-06-23 · Reports · 11,525 words · PDF available
In recent years, financial innovation in capital markets has fostered a new asset class—digital assets—and introduced new forms of fundraising and trading. Digital assets, which include cryptocurrenci...
Support for Supply-Chain Resilience of Locally Sourced Foods
Congressional Research Service · 2021-06-23 · Resources · 1,680 words · PDF available
Over the past decade, food policy in the United States has responded to ongoing shifts in consumer preferences and producer trends that favor local food systems (including regional and urban food syst...
Addressing Lead in Drinking Water: The Lead and Copper Rule Revisions (LCRR)
Congressional Research Service · 2021-06-22 · Reports · 12,347 words · PDF available
Lead’s adverse health effects—especially for children, even at low levels of exposure—have driven continuing efforts to reduce lead exposure through drinking water. Primarily, lead enters drinking wat...
The Debt Collection Market and Selected Policy Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2021-06-22 · Reports · 9,254 words · PDF available
When a consumer defaults on a debt, a third-party debt collector often collects the debt obligation rather than the lender to whom the debt is originally owed. The debt collection market helps lenders...
Fulton v. Philadelphia: Religious Exemptions from Generally Applicable Laws
Congressional Research Service · 2021-06-22 · Posts · 2,889 words · PDF available
The Supreme Court issued its highly anticipated decision in Fulton v. City of Philadelphia on June 17, 2021. In Fulton, a Catholic foster care agency raised religious objections to complying with Phil...
Production, Marketing, and Regulation of Hemp Products
Congressional Research Service · 2021-06-22 · Resources · 1,317 words · PDF available
Changes enacted in the Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-334; 2018 farm bill) removed long-standing federal restrictions on the cultivation of hemp. Hemp is a form of Cannabis sativa, the ...
Supreme Court Dismisses Challenge to the Affordable Care Act in California v. Texas
On June 17, 2021, the Supreme Court issued its decision in California v. Texas, one of the most closely watched cases of this term. At stake in California was the constitutionality of the Patient Prot...
National Collegiate Athletic Association v. Alston and the Debate over Student Athlete Compensation
Congressional Research Service · 2021-06-21 · Posts · 2,887 words · PDF available
Against the backdrop of the national debate on student athlete compensation, the Supreme Court issued its decision in National Collegiate Athletic Association v. Alston on June 21, 2021. In Alston, th...
Corporate Expatriation, Inversions, and Mergers: Tax IssuesCorporate Expatriation, Inversions, and Mergers: Tax Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2021-06-17 · Reports · 14,861 words · PDF available
News reports in the late 1990s and early 2000s drew attention to a phenomenon sometimes called corporate “inversions” or “expatriations”: instances where U.S. firms reorganize their structure so that ...
Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies (THUD) Appropriations for FY2021
Congressional Research Service · 2021-06-17 · Reports · 9,175 words · PDF available
The respective House and Senate Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies (THUD) Appropriations Subcommittees are charged with providing annual appropriations for the Departm...
Social Security: The Effects of Wage and Price Indexing on Benefits
Congressional Research Service · 2021-06-16 · Reports · 10,228 words · PDF available
Social Security is a social insurance program that protects insured workers and their family members against a loss of income due to old age, disability, or death. The program is comprised of two comp...
Supreme Court Clarifies CERCLA Provisions for Recouping Cleanup Costs
Congressional Research Service · 2021-06-16 · Posts · 2,496 words · PDF available
On May 24, 2021, the Supreme Court issued an opinion in Guam v. United States that could expand the ability to recover cleanup costs under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and L...
Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) Role in Criminal Justice Data Collection and Dissemination
Congressional Research Service · 2021-06-15 · Resources · 1,636 words · PDF available
The Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), established in 1979, is an agency within the Department of Justice (DOJ), Office of Justice Programs (OJP). Its mission is “to collect, analyze, publish, and di...
1890 Land-Grant Universities: Background and Selected Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2021-06-15 · Resources · 1,577 words · PDF available
The 1890 Institutions are the historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) that belong to the U.S. land-grant university (LGU) system. As such, they receive federal funds for agricultural rese...
Social Security: Minimum Benefits
Congressional Research Service · 2021-06-15 · Reports · 15,038 words · PDF available
Social Security’s special minimum benefit provision, also known as the Special Minimum Primary Insurance Amount (PIA), is an alternative benefit formula that increases benefits paid to workers who had...
Supreme Court: Unlawful Entrants with Temporary Protected Status Cannot Adjust to Lawful Permanent Resident Status
Congressional Research Service · 2021-06-11 · Posts · 2,171 words · PDF available
Certain non-U.S. nationals (aliens, as the term is used in the Immigration and Nationality Act [INA]) who are physically present in the United States may adjust to lawful permanent resident (LPR) stat...
Supreme Court Rules on Authority of Tribal Police to Stop Non-Indians
Congressional Research Service · 2021-06-11 · Posts · 2,135 words · PDF available
On June 1, 2021, the Supreme Court unanimously held in United States v. Cooley (Cooley) that Indian tribal law enforcement officers may stop, search, and temporarily detain a non-Indian motorist trave...
Social Security Long-Range Projections: Why 75 Years?
Congressional Research Service · 2021-06-11 · Resources · 1,735 words · PDF available
The Social Security Board of Trustees (Trustees) is required by law to report annually to Congress on the financial status of the Social Security trust funds. Since 1965, the Trustees have used a 75-y...
Shipping, Ports, and the Federal Maritime Commission
Congressional Research Service · 2021-06-11 · Resources · 1,835 words · PDF available
Since summer 2020, U.S. overseas containerized trade has risen to record levels as the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic led households to spend less on services such as vacation trips and ...
Committee Jurisdiction and Referral in the Senate
Congressional Research Service · 2021-06-10 · Reports · 3,997 words · PDF available
When legislation is introduced in the Senate or received from the House, referral to a standing committee is governed primarily by the jurisdictional statements contained in paragraph 1 of Senate Rule...
Food Insecurity Among College Students: Background and Policy Options
Congressional Research Service · 2021-06-09 · Reports · 14,712 words · PDF available
Food insecurity—the condition of having inadequate food due to a lack of resources—affected roughly 1 in 10 Americans in 2019, and this number increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Among college stu...
Formal Removal Proceedings: An Introduction
Congressional Research Service · 2021-06-09 · Resources · 1,984 words · PDF available
The Fifth Amendment’s Due Process Clause confers substantive and procedural protections to all persons within the United States, including non-U.S. nationals (aliens, as described in statute) whom the...
Overview of the ACA Medicaid Expansion
Congressional Research Service · 2021-06-09 · Resources · 1,381 words · PDF available
The primary goals of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA; P.L. 111-148, as amended) are to increase access to affordable health insurance for the uninsured and to make health insurance...
Civil Enforcement of Congressional Authorities
Congressional Research Service · 2021-06-08 · Testimony · 8,240 words · PDF available
Congressional investigations; oversight; subpoena enforcement
Crime Victims’ Rights Act: A Summary and Legal Analysis of 18 U.S.C. § 3771
Congressional Research Service · 2021-06-08 · Reports · 39,231 words · PDF available
Section 3771 of Title 18 of the United States Code is a statutory bill of rights for the victims of crimes committed in violation of federal law or the laws of the District of Columbia. It defines a v...