Policy Library

6,587 documents

Supreme Court Considers Statute of Limitations for Military Rape Cases
Congressional Research Service · 2021-01-04 · Posts · 2,611 words · PDF available
In the consolidated cases United States v. Briggs and United States v. Collins, decided on December 10, 2020, the Supreme Court overturned two lower court decisions and reinstated the rape convictions...
The Hollings Manufacturing Extension Partnership Program
Congressional Research Service · 2021-01-04 · Reports · 16,008 words · PDF available
The Hollings Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP) program is a national network of centers established by the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act (P.L. 100-418). MEP centers provide custom serv...
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) FY2021 Budget Request and Appropriations
Congressional Research Service · 2021-01-04 · Resources · 1,363 words · PDF available
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA’s) mission is to understand and predict changes in weather, climate, oceans, and coasts; to share that information with others; and to conse...
China Primer: U.S.-China Military-to-Military Relations
Congressional Research Service · 2021-01-04 · Resources · 1,702 words · PDF available
Introduction The United States and the People’s Republic of China (PRC or China) established formal military-to-military (mil-mil) ties in 1979, a year after the two countries established diplomatic r...
Real Wage Trends, 1979 to 2019
Congressional Research Service · 2020-12-28 · Reports · 13,704 words · PDF available
Wage earnings are the largest source of income for many workers, and wage gains are a primary lever for raising living standards. Reports of stagnant median wages have therefore raised concerns among ...
Bank Supervision by Federal Regulators: Overview and Policy Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2020-12-28 · Reports · 14,127 words · PDF available
To identify and mitigate risks, bank regulators have the authority to monitor bank activities, condition, and performance. Bank supervision creates certain benefits, including safer banks, a more stab...
COVID-19: China Medical Supply Chains and Broader Trade Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2020-12-23 · Reports · 26,028 words · PDF available
The outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), first in China, and then globally, including in the United States, has drawn attention to the ways in which the U.S. economy depends on manufacturi...
Lawsuits Against the Federal Government: Basic Federal Court Procedure and Timelines
Congressional Research Service · 2020-12-22 · Resources · 2,027 words · PDF available
Many federal laws and policy initiatives are challenged in court. In recent years, for instance, plaintiffs have brought cases challenging the Department of Homeland Security’s rescission of the Defer...
From Clickwrap to RAP Sheet: Criminal Liability Under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act for Terms of Service Violations
Congressional Research Service · 2020-12-21 · Posts · 2,805 words · PDF available
Update: On November 30, 2020, the Supreme Court held oral arguments in Van Buren v. United States—a case that could resolve the judicial disagreement over whether the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFA...
Justice Department’s Role in Cyber Incident Response
Congressional Research Service · 2020-12-18 · Reports · 5,337 words · PDF available
Criminals and other malicious actors rely on the internet and evolving technology to further their operations. In cyberspace, criminals can compromise financial assets, hacktivists can flood websites ...
Commemorative Legislation in Congress: Trends and Observations, 93rd Through 115th Congresses
Congressional Research Service · 2020-12-18 · Reports · 12,266 words · PDF available
In 1783, the Continental Congress authorized the nation’s first commemoration, an equestrian statue to George Washington. Since that time, Congress has used commemoratives to honor a myriad of people,...
Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2021
Congressional Research Service · 2020-12-17 · Reports · 37,983 words · PDF available
President Trump’s budget request for FY2021 includes approximately $142.2 billion for research and development (R&D) for FY2021, $13.8 billion (8.8%) below the FY2020 enacted level of $156.0 billion. ...
Membership of the 116th Congress: A Profile
Congressional Research Service · 2020-12-17 · Reports · 5,236 words · PDF available
This report presents a profile of the membership of the 116th Congress (2019-2020) as of December 17, 2020. Statistical information is included on selected characteristics of Members, including data o...
Global Value Chains: Overview and Issues for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2020-12-16 · Reports · 18,882 words · PDF available
Global value chains (GVCs) divide production processes into discrete stages located around the globe. Using GVCs, companies can organize different parts of their value chain strategically, such as loc...
Federal Employee Furloughs: Types and Implications
Congressional Research Service · 2020-12-15 · Resources · 1,662 words · PDF available
Federal employees perform complex duties in pursuit of the diverse missions of their agencies. Some outcomes of the federal budget process have significant implications for employees. Among other impa...
U.S. Trade Concerns Regarding the EU’s Farm to Fork Strategy
Congressional Research Service · 2020-12-15 · Resources · 1,716 words · PDF available
In May 2020, the European Union (EU) proposed its Farm to Fork (F2F) Strategy and its Biodiversity Strategy, which would impose restrictions on EU agriculture through targeted reductions in the use of...
African American Members of the U.S. Congress: 1870-2020
Congressional Research Service · 2020-12-15 · Reports · 17,823 words
In total, 163 African Americans have served in Congress. This total includes 153 African Americans (147 Representatives and 6 Delegates) elected only to the House of Representatives; 9 African America...
Unemployment Compensation (UC) and the Unemployment Trust Fund (UTF): Funding UC Benefits
Congressional Research Service · 2020-12-15 · Reports · 4,031 words
This report provides a summary of how Unemployment Compensation (UC) benefits are funded through the Unemployment Trust Fund (UTF). The UTF in the U.S. Treasury is designated as a trust fund for feder...
“Court Packing”: Legislative Control over the Size of the Supreme Court
Congressional Research Service · 2020-12-14 · Posts · 3,376 words · PDF available
In the past year, legal commentators, policymakers, and the national press have devoted significant attention to proposals to increase the size of the Supreme Court, sometimes colloquially called “cou...
The Civil Rights Act of 1964: Eleven Titles at a Glance
Congressional Research Service · 2020-12-14 · Resources · 1,668 words · PDF available
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 addresses discrimination in diverse contexts, ranging from discriminatory voter registration practices to segregation in business establishments and public schools. Though...
Section 301 Investigations: Vietnam’s Timber Trade and Currency Practices
Congressional Research Service · 2020-12-10 · Resources · 1,697 words · PDF available
On October 2, 2020, the U.S. Trade Representative (USTR) announced that it had initiated two separate investigations —pursuant to Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974—with respect to Vietnam’s trade w...
Individual Retirement Account (IRA) Ownership: Data and Policy Issues
Congressional Research Service · 2020-12-09 · Reports · 22,697 words · PDF available
Retirement income in the U.S. can come from multiple sources—Social Security, savings in employer-sponsored plans (e.g., public and private defined benefit plans and defined contribution plans), and p...
Legislative Proposals Related to the Removal of Inspectors General in the 116th Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2020-12-09 · Resources · 1,747 words · PDF available
The role of inspectors general (IGs) within the federal government is an issue of perennial interest to Congress. In particular, removal protections for IGs have drawn frequent attention. Proposals to...
A Brief Overview of Business Types and Their Tax Treatment
Congressional Research Service · 2020-12-09 · Reports · 4,225 words · PDF available
In the United States, how a business is taxed at the federal level is partly dependent on how it is organized. The income of subchapter C corporations, also known as “regular” corporations, is taxed o...
How FEMA Public Assistance Works
Congressional Research Service · 2020-12-08 · Infographics · 442 words · PDF available
/ How FEMA Public Assistance Works FEMA’s Public Assistance (PA) reimburses eligible public and nonprofit entities for at least 75% of eligible response and recovery costs when authorized in a preside...
Federal Private Health Insurance Market Reforms: Legal Framework and Enforcement
Congressional Research Service · 2020-12-08 · Reports · 6,812 words · PDF available
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, in 2018, over 65% of the U.S. population was covered by private-sector health insurance offered either through an employer or a union, or directly purchased by an ...
The COVID-19 Pandemic: Labor Market Implications for Women
Congressional Research Service · 2020-12-08 · Reports · 7,424 words · PDF available
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic dramatically disrupted the labor force in early 2020 as businesses closed or reduced operations and consumer demand shifted away from in-person commerc...
U.S. Farm Programs: Eligibility and Payment Limits
Congressional Research Service · 2020-12-07 · Reports · 18,697 words · PDF available
Under the Agricultural Improvement Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-334, 2018 farm bill), U.S. farm program participants—whether individuals or multiperson legal entities—must meet specific eligibility requireme...
Lifting the Earmark Moratorium: Frequently Asked Questions
Congressional Research Service · 2020-12-03 · Reports · 3,897 words · PDF available
In response to congressional concern over the earmarking process, in the 110th Congress (2007-2008), the House and Senate codified earmark disclosure requirements into their respective chamber rules w...
Agricultural Soils and Climate Change Mitigation
Congressional Research Service · 2020-12-03 · Resources · 1,622 words · PDF available
Policymakers, scientists, farmers, and other stakeholders have debated the potential of agricultural soils to sequester (store) carbon and help mitigate future climate change. This discussion includes...
Google and Competition: Concerns Beyond the DOJ’s Lawsuit
Congressional Research Service · 2020-12-02 · Resources · 1,773 words · PDF available
On October 20, 2020, the Department of Justice (DOJ) and 11 state attorneys general filed a lawsuit against Google LLC under Section 2 of the Sherman Act (15 U.S.C. § 2). The lawsuit alleges that Goog...
A Time for Change: Assessing the Need to Modernize Veteran Eligibility for Care
Congressional Research Service · 2020-12-02 · Testimony · 9,894 words · PDF available
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The Annual Energy Outlook (AEO): A Brief Overview
Congressional Research Service · 2020-12-01 · Resources · 1,600 words · PDF available
The Annual Energy Outlook (AEO) provides an annual projection of U.S. energy supply, demand, prices, certain energy-related air emissions, and other factors over a 25-30 year period. Congress has an o...
The MORE Act: House Plans Historic Vote on Federal Marijuana Legalization
Congressional Research Service · 2020-11-25 · Posts · 2,310 words · PDF available
In December 2020, the House of Representatives plans to vote on H.R. 3884, the Marijuana Opportunity Reinvestment and Expungement Act of 2019 (MORE Act). The MORE Act is also pending before the Senate...
The Gray Wolf Under the Endangered Species Act (ESA): A Case Study in Listing and Delisting Challenges
Congressional Research Service · 2020-11-25 · Reports · 23,684 words · PDF available
Under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA or the Act; 16 U.S.C. §§ 1531-1544), the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) (together, the Services) de...
Legal Issues in COVID-19 Vaccine Development and Deployment
Congressional Research Service · 2020-11-25 · Reports · 22,687 words · PDF available
Private companies, universities, and governmental entities are working to develop a vaccine for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Vaccines are biological products regulated under the Public Health ...
Potential Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Income Security of Older Americans
Congressional Research Service · 2020-11-24 · Reports · 27,932 words · PDF available
Americans aged 55 and older account for approximately 30% of the overall population in 2020, representing older workers approaching retirement and current retirees and totaling about 100 million indiv...
Puerto Rico’s Financial Oversight and Management Board: The Supreme Court’s Analysis and What It Means for Congress
Congressional Research Service · 2020-11-23 · Posts · 2,103 words · PDF available
The Supreme Court’s recent decision in Financial Oversight & Management Board for Puerto Rico v. Aurelius Investment, LLC (Aurelius), in which the Court rejected an Appointments Clause challenge to Pu...
Arms Sales in the Middle East: Trends and Analytical Perspectives for U.S. Policy
Congressional Research Service · 2020-11-23 · Reports · 30,708 words · PDF available
This report analyzes state-to-state arms sales in the Middle East with a particular focus on U.S. transfers, as authorized and reviewed by Congress. Arms sales historically have been one important mea...
Final Rule on Industry-Recognized Apprenticeship Programs
Congressional Research Service · 2020-11-23 · Reports · 3,482 words · PDF available
In March 2020, the Department of Labor (DOL) published a final rule establishing policies related to its Industry-Recognized Apprenticeship Programs (IRAPs). The rule established criteria and procedur...
Pending Cases in U.S. Immigration Courts, FY2008-FY2020
Congressional Research Service · 2020-11-19 · Resources · 1,080 words · PDF available
Immigration court proceedings are adjudicated by the Executive Office for Immigration Review (EOIR), an agency within the Department of Justice (DOJ). They commence when the Department of Homeland Sec...
Overview of Recent Anti-Lynching Proposals
Congressional Research Service · 2020-11-18 · Posts · 1,062 words · PDF available
This Legal Sidebar was initially published on June 29, 2020, but has been updated to reflect changes to the Justice in Policing Act. Following the death of George Floyd in police custody in May and th...
Reclamation of Coal Mining Operations: Select Issues and Legislation
Congressional Research Service · 2020-11-17 · Reports · 8,916 words · PDF available
In the United States, coal mining operations supported economic growth and electrical power generation needs throughout the 20th century. Prior to the enactment of the Surface Mining Control and Recla...
Institute of Museum and Library Services Grants to States Funding Formula: In Brief
Congressional Research Service · 2020-11-17 · Reports · 2,212 words · PDF available
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Instructing Senate Conferees
Congressional Research Service · 2020-11-13 · Reports · 2,493 words · PDF available
The Senate and House often create a conference committee to propose the final version of a bill that the two houses have passed in different forms. Sometimes, the Senate votes to instruct its conferee...
The Status of Puerto Rico’s Recovery and Ongoing Challenges Following Hurricanes Irma and María: FEMA, SBA, and HUD Assistance
Congressional Research Service · 2020-11-13 · Reports · 52,224 words · PDF available
Three years after Hurricanes Irma and María, Puerto Rico is still recovering from the devastation to communities, homes and property, businesses, and infrastructure that was caused by the hurricanes. ...
Artificial Intelligence and National Security
Congressional Research Service · 2020-11-10 · Reports · 20,404 words · PDF available
Artificial intelligence (AI) is a rapidly growing field of technology with potentially significant implications for national security. As such, the United States and other nations are developing AI ap...
ESEA: Title I-A Poverty Measures and Grants to Local Education Agencies and Schools
Congressional Research Service · 2020-11-09 · Reports · 25,401 words · PDF available
The primary source of federal aid to elementary and secondary education is the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA)—particularly its Title I-A program, which authorizes federal aid for the ed...
Federal Real Property Data: Limitations and Implications for Oversight
Congressional Research Service · 2020-11-05 · Reports · 5,447 words · PDF available
The federal executive branch owns and leases more than 127,000 buildings, with annual operating costs in excess of $15 billion. Oversight of this portfolio has been a priority for recent Congresses, p...
Senators’ Official Personnel and Office Expense Account (SOPOEA): History and Usage
Congressional Research Service · 2020-11-05 · Reports · 5,735 words · PDF available
The Senators’ Official Personnel and Office Expense Account (SOPOEA) is available to assist Senators in their official duties. The allowance is provided on a fiscal-year basis (i.e., October 1-Septemb...